Project Summary-min
- 1. Pho | 1 Project Summary Genocide is no stranger to the worldβs history. The Genocide of Cambodian people by the Khmer Rouge regime from 1975-1979 claimed the lives of approxi- mately 1.7 to 2.4 million people, about thirty percent of the entire Cambodian population at that time. This stag- gering number makes the genocide in Cambodia one of the most devastating genocides hint recent history. Reflecting back on the tragedy, many people were left confused, hurt and in disbelief that something so gruesome can happen. Some survivors want the world to know about these tragedies against humanity and spend the rest of their lives searching for the answers to why and how the genocide went without notice or response. Others choose to stay silent, afraid of even the thought of reliving the nightmares. After years of research and discovery, the Docu- mentation Center of Cambodia (DCCAM) seeks to provide a permanent place for collective and personal healing as well as a place to teach future generations so that a tragedy of this magnitude and importance will never happen again.1 The Sleuk Rith Institute will be designed as a place for teaching, research and healing and will consist of a research library, performance theater and genocide memorial as a vessel for healing. The institute then represents a permanent stand against genocide in Cambodia and around the world. This project investigates how architecture can become the container for healing and bring a sort of resolution to such tragedies as the Cambodian genocide? This event is one that is hard to compre- hend. Itβs so difficult in fact; many Cambodians do not believe it happened. How can something so tragic go without notice until it was too late? But then again, what happened is in the past and the only thing left to do is deal with the aftermath of it all. This leads the focus onto the survivors and the broader scope of genocide where healing and memory become the most important things to strive for. Year Zero and Four Year Plan April 17, 1975 came to be known as year zero. On this day, Pol Pot wanted to start a new nation under the Four Year Plan in which Cambodians were to triple the countryβs agricultural production. 2 To meet these impossible demands the Khmer Rouge forced ARCHITECTURE AND GENOCIDE A Vessel of Healing and Memory in the Aftermath of the Cambodian Genocide Sopheak Pho βTo those who died, we remember; to those who survived, we hear you; to future generations, let us never forget. For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and for the living. He has no right to deprive future generations of a past that belongs to our collective memory.To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time.β ElieWiesel, Night 1 βDocumentation Center of Cambodia - Home.β Documentation Center of Cambodia - Home. Web. Spring 2012. <http://www. dccam.org/>. 2 Smith, Icy. Manhattan Beach: East West Discovery, 2010. Print.
- 2. 2 | Pho 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1960 1960 1954: April 26 β July 2 Geneva Conference: withdraw from Cambo nam and Laos. 1954 The Khmer Rogue, a c munist guerrilla grou formed secretly. 1960 - S father d hanouk head of 1940 195019301920 1925: May 19 Pol Pot is born as Saloth Sar. 1950 Cambodian communists join forces with Vietnam- ese against French colo- nialism. 1926: Apr 13 Nuon Chea is born as Lau Ben Kon 1924: Oct 24 Leng Sary is born 1931: Jul 27 Khieu Samphan is born Cambodian - mobilizatio scale politica - through th revolutionari could be form agrarian so - rural society dependent f paid worker - farming as a the ideal soci - People own production a ment of the e - Self sufficien dependent in social policie 49-78,000,000 23,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 2,400,000 800,000 1,200,000 5,000,000 19201200 12 Century AD Angkor Wat is built by King Suryavarman II in early 12th century as the state temple and capital city. everyone from the city to the country side. For four years after the hostile takeover, the entire country was isolated from the rest of the world only left to work on rice fields, dig ditches, build riverbanks and plow fields. Everyone worked from dawn to midnight with little or no food. Because of the harsh work condi- tions and the lack of food many of the Cambodians died to starvation, fatigue, and brutal beatings. Due to the mass deaths and killings, the bodies were taken to mass graves in the country side later to be named the βkilling fields.β As part of Pol Potβs master plan, nearly Cambo- diaβs entire infrastructure was destroyed including schools, banks, post offices, religious structures, and other institutions to make way for prisons. One significant building to note is the secret Tuol Sleng High School which was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where people were detained before being taken to the βkilling fieldβ of Choeung Ek where over 20,000 people were executed. The scale of the killings were alarming and by genocide end killing fields were scattered all across Cambodiaβs landscape and to this day new killing fields are still being discovered. Circumstances of Genocide As a result of the genocide, many families were dismantled, pieces of the culture, the arts, music, and artifacts were destroyed, and survivors were scattered throughout the world. My family did not escape this sad Cambodian Historical Timeline: The events that lead to genocide and consequences after
- 3. Pho | 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 4 Years for Reign of Khmer Rouge 25% Entire Population Killed 80 Memorials Created 189 Prisons Discovered 380 Killing Fields 14,000 Killed in S-21 Prison 19,471 Mass grave sites found 425,000 Chinese civilians killed 2,400,000 Killed between 1975-1979 CAMBODIAN1980 1990 20 : French odia, Viet- com- up is 1970 - Sihanouk is deposed in a coup while abroad by prime minister Lon Nol and followers. Sihanouk exiled to China. Sihanoukβs dies and Si- k becomes f state. 1969 - United States begin secret bombing campaign against North Vietnamese forces on Cambodian soil. Khmer Rouge uses bombing as propaganda to gain supporters. 1975- Khmer Rouge forces led by Pol Pot de- feats Lon Nol army and take control of Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975. Cities were immedi- ately evacuted, and the country is cut offfrom outside world. Surrendered Lon Nol army killed, and brutal killings of Buddhist monks, ethnic minorities and educated class. 1979 - Vietnamese troops in- vaded and overthrew Pol Pot regime. Heng Samrin is President and Hun Sen becomes Foreign Minister. Genocide endsGENOCIDE 2000 20101970 1994 - Thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrender in government amnesty. 1998 - Pol Pot dies in his jungle hideout. 2005 - Tribu- nal to try sur- viving Khmer Rouge leaders gets approval from U.N. 2010 - In Tribunalβs first case, Kaing Gek Eav (Duc) sen- tenced to 35 years 2011 - Nuon Chea, Leng Sary, Khieu Samphan tried for crimes against human- ity n Maoism on of the masses in large- al movements he actions of "dedicated ies" a new social reality med ocialism: y as superior to urban - in- farmer as superior to the a way of life that can shape ial values. n or in control of means of and cooperative manage- economy. nt society that is entirely in- n production, economy and es POPULATION OF CAM BODIA (millions) POPULATION GROWTH OF CAMBODIA fate and also ended up refugees during the aftermath of the genocide. Growing up in a Cambodian household, there has always been a huge cloud of unknowns about what really happened. I always sensed that it was something unbearable to even think about and was not something that was talked about at all in conversation. This sentiment is shared among many other survivors who went through this gruesome genocide. Even though this topic is never talked about, sorrow and confusion still resonates from those involved, including my parents, uncle and aunt whom shared the same experiences. During my childhood, I was carefree and did not know that I myself was living through the aftermath of the Cambodian genocide moving from refugee camp to refugee camp before finally making it here to the United States. My parents always did a good job of hiding the truth and sheltering their kids from the darkness of the events that took place before my siblings and I were born. Now at the age of twenty-five, I think I am ready to hear their story and other stories of survivors who share the same sentiment of not being able to talk about the events. Itβs no longer about hiding the truth but bringing it forward in a way that would be beneficial to the survivors, people affected and also those who do not know about it. This makes story telling a crucial element to the project which makes it important to understand various
- 4. 4 | Pho forms of storytelling. The genocide affected a wide range of people all sharing similar stories as well as unique ones. Those affected range from survivors, deceased victims as well as those who are far removed from the genocide. As more and more survivors die every day, it has become increasingly important to further our understanding record the stories. βSleuk rith are dried leaves that Cambodian religious leaders and scholars have used for centuries to document history, disseminate knowledge, and preserve culture during periods of harsh rule. They represent the beauty of knowledge and the power of human persever- ance during times of peril.β -DCCAM The Sleuk Rith Institute, as planned by DCCAM, becomes an important outlet for story telling thus healing and memory through the act of storytelling. DCCAM plans to create the Sleuk Rith institute in Phnom Penh the capital city of Cambodia near the Royal University of Law and Economics and a former prison. Site Analysis The site is located in Phnom Penh near the banks of the Mekong River in southern central Cambodia. Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nationβs center of economics and industrial activities, as well as the center of security, politics, economics, cultural heritage, and diplomacy of Cambodia. Specifically, the proposed site for the Sleuk Rith Institute is a 500 feet by 500 feet plot of land that is bounded by the Royal University of Law and Economics to the north, institutional buildings to the south, a commercial front to the west and residential developments to the east. The site is a very flat site bounded by palm trees and is occupied currently by an elementary school which used to be used as a Khmer Rouge prison during the Democratic Kampuchea era. The site is also relatively flat and is fronted by a busy highway, Monivong Blvd to the west which makes the western part of the site a very important gateway to the institute. The significance of the movement for a central entity to house the memory of the tragedy is that it goes beyond what have been done so far, usually consisting of smaller scale projects. Creating this center can help bring more of a universal place for everyone to come and heal, giving a face to the faceless and a voice to the voiceless. The institute strives to do this with three different programs that all get at different ways to remember and tell a story. Project Program The program consists of a performance theater, research library and genocide memorial. The three programs represent three different ways to heal with expression through the performance theater, education through the research library, and a third way which is harder to define which the act of remembering through Above Left: User Profiles Above Middle: Site Plan showing Surrounding Forces Above Middle: Diagram of the Architecture of the Killing Fields Below: Program Diagram Above: Site Plan showing Existing Important Buildings -the convergence back to the city SLUEK RITH INSTITUTE | PROGRAM SUMMARY Site: Phnom Penh, Cambodia Population: 2,234,566 Country Size: 68, 898 square miles Province Size: 262 square miles Location: 11.33 North and 104.55 E Typology: Memorial/Research Library/Performance Theater Square Footage of Site: 333,500 square feet Client: Documentation Center of Cambodia Civic Service Provided: Memorial/Research/Performance Center 10 20 30 40 Square Footages (1,000 ft ) 50 60 70 80 905 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 10095 PERFROMANCE THEATER RESEARCH LIBRARY PRISON MUSEUM/PATH EXTERIOR COURTYARDS Kep Svay Rieng Sihanoukville Koh Kong Battambang Takeo Kampong Cham Phnom Penh Siem Reap Sursat Kampong Chhnang Kampong Thom Prey Veng 0 ft 500 ft 1000 ft 1500 ft 0 500 1500 20MINUTERIDETOCHEOUNGEKFORBURIAL 1 M ILE 2 M ILES 1 2 3 4 WAT PHNOM SACRED TEMPLE TUOL SLENG MEMORIAL MUSEUM KNOTTED REVOLVER MONUMENT National Highway 1 MonivongBlvd PreahNorodomBlvd CHEUONG EK MEMORIAL 4 1 2 3 Users Feelings/ Attitudes Needs Story the couple the widow the descendent the future the visitor 50 & 57 87 25 elementary school age varies Veasna and Khuon were just teen- agers when they becames victims of genocide and experienced very similar events that shaped their lives today. After the genocide they became husband and wife who were refugees of the geno- cide and finally made it to the United States to start a new life with each other and their kids. Theeda was 50 years of age when she was forced into hard labor in rural Cambodia. Much like many of her friends during that time, she lost her family including, husband, children and grandchildren to star- vation, exhaustion and brutal killing. She went through the rest of her life very empty inside and wanted nothing more than to forget the event ever happened. She is hopeful that she can over- come the event and move on with her life but even until now, she is finding it hard to heal. A Place for story telling Different mode of expression Perform her poetry she wrote as a way to cope DirectAffectIndirectAffectInterested As a child he grew up many of the refugee camps scattered around neighboring Thailand were he was able to live a carefree childhoos without much knowledge of what really happened before he was born. It wasnβt until after he made his way to the United States where he became aware that something dark happened to his parents generation. Now he is ready to go back to his roots and dig deeper into what happened. As the second generation after the onslaught by the Khmer Rouge on the Cambodian people, they are far removed from the events, but are still very affected. Now being the first generation where this part of history will be taught to them in school, it will be their future duty to learn and teach about the trag- edy so something like this will not happen. The kids will be the future and because of their parents and grand parents generationsβ pers- erverance they are able to live and play a part in unfolding the story. A vessel to carry out their duty as survivors to tell the story of what happended and how they survived. A place to learn about his heritage and history of his homeland. A place that can teach them about the history of where they live. A place to learn about another culture and history of a foreign country not much know about. Sadness Disbelief Confused Duty to tell story Anger Curious Anxious Sadness Curiousity Innocence Curious Simpathetic As outsiders of the event, they are very interested in learning about the genocide, especially wanting to learn about what led to the events They also realize that there are parallels between this geno- cide and others, including the genocide a in Germany of the Jews. As outisders they bring an unbiased outside perspective on such events as this and can look at it with different eyes. 0 500 1000 1500 CommorcialPressure FromWest ResidentialPresure FromEast Instutional Pressure From North Instutional/Residential Pressure From North 10-15 ft 3 ft 10-1 ft 3 ft 10-15 ft 10-15 ft 100-400 Victims/Grave Unit
- 5. Pho | 5 Above: Angkor Wat Path Diagrams: Siem Riep, Cambodia Below: Lakewood Cemetary Mausoleum: Minneapolis, MN Above: Hiroshima A-Bomb Memorial Museum: Hiroshima, Japan Middle: Holocaust Memorial Museum: Berlin, Germany A Sanctuary built as the Sacred holding grounds for Vishnu. Every day the civilians of the Angkor Wat Temple City would take turns serving the Great God and King. The King of that period was seen as the God who overlooks the country and ensures prosperity. Every morning priests would awaken the God, bath him, clothe him and feed him. Then in the afternoon the God would be feed once more and then again fed for supper and changed to get ready for the night. Ensuring the happiness of the God/King goes hand in hand with ensuring the propsperity of the nation. Not Gathering Grounds: Home for the Gods 1st Terrace (14 feet higher than 2nd Terrace) 2nd Terrace (22 feet higher than 1st Terrace) 3rd Terrace (45 feet higher than 2nd Terrace) ASCENSIONTOSACRED|LEVELSOFDIFFICULTY ASCENSIONTOSACRED|#PEOPLEALLOWED A LIBRARY LIBRARY LIBRARY LIBRARY 3rd Gallery 1st Gallery 2nd Gallery Central Sanctuary (represetning central peak of Mount Meru) LIBRARY Cruciform Platform THE SACRED | LEVELS OF PRIVACY IN SACRED TEMPLEGALLERIES | ARCHITECTURE AS STORY TELLING VISITOR ENTERS WALK ALONG GALLERIES AND READS LOOK AT STORIES ON THE WALLS ASCENDS TO THE SECOND TERRACE INTO 2ND GALLERY WALK ALONG GALLERY 2 AND LOOK AT STORIES ASCENDS THE UNBELIEBABLY STEEP STEPS TO THE THIRD TERRACE Vista to A-Bomb Dome Vista to East Park View Vista to Carnial North The Holocaust Void cuts through the zigzagging plan of the new building and creates a space that embodies absence. It is a straight line whose impen- etrability becomes the central focus around which exhibitions are organized. In order to move from one side of the museum to the other, visitors must cross one of the 60 bridges that open onto this void. introspection and reflection is. The entire square footage of the programed spaces equals about 130,000 square feet. The performance theater is about 50,000 square feet whereas the research library is 45,000 square feet and memorial museum is 35,000 square. Not included in the programmed square footages are 100,000 square feet of exterior courtyards that will be designed by local landscape architects and could consist of monuments and memorials to reflect the Cambodian genocide. Sleuk Rith Institute Design Strategies and Process Precedents and Inspirations Precedents played an important role in the design decisions of the project and just started a lot of the development. Some precedents of note are ones that looked at the path as the main element that organized the plan. At Angkor Wat, the path was about story- telling and the journey to the scared space on the top of the temple complex. The Hiroshima A-bomb Memorial looked at the path as framing a view to the most important element in the site which was the A-bomb building that survived the atomic bomb. The Jewish Holocaust Museum in Berlin, Germany looked at the path as the connector to the most important spaces in the building and looked at the idea of the void as respecting the silence. After looking at the precedent models were used to explore the path in the Sleuk Rith Institute. Lakewood Cemetery Mausoleum also become important later on in the process as a way to divide the spaces within the museum and delineate between what is path and what the path separates and connects. Exploring the Path through Models An exploration of quick models looked at the different ways path is dealt with within a plan. Through modeling a planning scheme that came out of the itera- tions feature a fundamental path that cuts through the entire site that is underground where light is still able to pass through the spaces below. The act of digging into the ground and bring light into the earth created a strong motif of the excavation of the earth in order to shed more light and knowledge on the events and consequences of the genocide between 1975 and 1979. Much of the plan and the rest of the investiga-
- 6. 6 | Pho tion was derived from the 11th diagrammatic model which help propel the project to its current state. Exploring the Above and Below Conditions Some diagrammatic renderings helped explore the above versus below conditions of the path. These renderings were very telling in the way people experi- enced the spaces above and below the path. It also paved way to the way the plan came to be organized. The diagrammatic renderings were helpful in under- standing the how light can pass through and be brought down to the path below in the underground exhibits. From this the fundamental arrangement of the rooms and the location of the museum in respect to the performance theater and research library became realized. The Path as the Organizer in Sleuk Rith Institute After the explorations with the precedents, models and diagrammatic renders the final plan of the Sleuk Rith Institute features a path that is the fundamental element that the rest of the plan is organized from. The path organizes the plan in three different ways. The first is that it connects the Performance Theater to the west with the Research Library and Prison Museum to the east. Secondly the path splits the active, communal spaces to the north with the introspective, individual spaces to the south. Thirdly the path splits the spaces Above: Sketch of Underground lighting Below: Birds Eye view of Sleuk Rith Institute Above: Sketch of Undergroudn Lighting: Light Conditions into Ground
- 7. Pho | 7 Above: Sketch of Undergroudn Lighting: Light Conditions into Ground Above: Diagrams showing Organization of the Path Below: Diagram Section of the Programs that are open to the sky to the north versus the spaces that are of the earth to the south. With these orga- nizational strategies, visitors are given the option to experience the journey of healing in different ways and thus are able to choose how they deal with the tragedy. This provides more of a universal way to heal and can fulfill the needs of both the individuals who actively strive to tell the world about what happened versus those who are more interested in respecting the silence and chose another form of introspective expression. Experience of the Users Visitor would enter the institute to the west on THEATER AND LIBRARY EARTH VS. SKY INDIVIDUAL VS. COMMUNAL
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ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα αα α ααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆαααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααΆααααααΆ αααααΆ ααααΆ ααααααΆ αααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααα α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα ααααααααα α αααααα αα αα αα αααααΆααΆααΆαααΆααΆ ααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααααααα ααααααααααααΆααΆααΆ αααααΆ ααααΆ ααααΆ ααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααΆααΆ ααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααα α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆααΆ αααααααααααααΆ αααααααΆααΆ ααααααααααααααααααααααααα αα STRUCTURAL ORDER: PATHWAY CONDITION Above: Section Perspective Cutting through Path from West to East Below: Photo Strip of Important Events 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1960 1954 The Khmer Rogue, a c munist guerrilla grou formed secretly. 1925: May 19 Pol Pot is born as Saloth Sar. join forces with Vietnam- ese against French colo- nialism. 1931: Jul 27 Khieu Samphan is born Cambodian - mobilizatio scale politica - through th revolutionari could be form agrarian so - rural society dependent f paid worker - farming as a the ideal soci - People own production a ment of the e - Self sufficien dependent in social policie 49-78,000,000 23,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 2,400,000 800,000 1,200,000 5,000,000 12 Century AD Angkor Wat is built by King Suryavarman II in early 12th century as the state temple and capital city.
- 9. Pho | 9 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 4 Years for Reign of Khmer Rouge 25% Entire Population Killed 80 Memorials Created 189 Prisons Discovered 380 Killing Fields 14,000 Killed in S-21 Prison 19,471 Mass grave sites found 425,000 Chinese civilians killed 2,400,000 Killed between 1975-1979 com- up is 1969 - United States begin secret bombing campaign against North Vietnamese forces on Cambodian soil. Khmer Rouge uses bombing as propaganda to gain supporters. regime. Heng Samrin is President and Hun Sen becomes Foreign Minister. Genocide endsGENOCIDE 1998 - Pol Pot dies in his jungle hideout. first case, Kaing Gek Eav (Duc) sen- tenced to 35 years n Maoism on of the masses in large- al movements he actions of "dedicated ies" a new social reality med ocialism: y as superior to urban - in- farmer as superior to the a way of life that can shape ial values. n or in control of means of and cooperative manage- economy. nt society that is entirely in- n production, economy and es POPULATION OF CAM BODIA (millions) POPULATION GROWTH OF CAMBODIA
- 10. 10 | Pho Above: Diagramatic Sections of the Path Monivong Blvd and walk on the upper level of the path where they will find glass walls of encrypted writing of the stories of what lead to the genocide and the events that foreshadows what will happen next. They then enter into the Prison Museum where they will get a glimpse of the past and how buildings such as the one they are standing in were used during the Khmer Rouge era. After that the visitors are guided below the path in which they arrive from and will have the choice to explore rooms either to the north or the south; north being rooms that are filled with artifacts uncovered and sounds of genocide, whereas the south will be more about how light comes into the rooms and are empty and silent. The visitors will walk past three sets of these rooms each varying slightly in the experience and end up in the lobby of the Performance Theater in which they have the choice of going to the enclosed theater or make their way out to the amphitheater outside in the courtyard. The visitors can then end their journey by heading to the library or back up to the site above where they can explore the exterior plazas/ courtyards to close out their journey. In conclusion, they design for the Sleuk Rith Institute is one that allows for multiple ways to heal and keep memory of a tragedy such as the Cambodian Genocide. It respects the people who actively voice the need to tell the future generations of the tragedies against humanity but also provides the voiceless the opportunity to respect the silence and find peace by respecting the empty silence. All in all architectureβs responsibility in this case is not to prescribe the experience of the users, instead architecture must provide a way users can shape their own experience and go about the journey to peace and memory in their own pace.
- 11. Pho | 11 Above: Movement Diagrams Showing Different Experiences Above: Image caption information. Selected Bibliography Ching, Frank, Mark Jarzombek, andVikramaditya Prakash.A Global History of Architecture. Hoboken, NJ: J.Wiley & Sons, 2007. Print. Coe, Michael D.Angkor and the Khmer Civilization. NewYork: Thames & Hudson, 2003. Print. βDocumentation Center of Cambodia - Home.β Documentation Center of Cambodia - Home.Web. Spring 2012. <http://www.dccam.org/>. DumarcΜ§ay, Jacques, Pascal RoyeΜre, and Michael Smithies. Cambodian Architecture Eighth to Thirteenth Centuries. Boston: Brill, 2001. Print. Etcheson, Craig.After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide.Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Print. Etcheson, Craig.After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide.Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Print. Jacques, Claude.Ankor Cities and Temples.Thailand: River, 1997. Print. Kavanaugh, Robert. Facing Death,. Los Angeles: Nash Pub., 1973. Print. Ly, Kim Long.An Outline of Cambodian Architecture.Varanasi: BharatiyaVidya Prakashan, 1967. Print. Scarre, Christopher.The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World:The Great Monuments and How They Were Built. London:Thames & Hudson, 1999. Print. Sharp, Bruce.βCounting Hell.β :The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia.Web. Spring 2012. <http:// www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm>. Smith, Icy. Manhattan Beach: East West Discovery, 2010. Print.