![• White regions : Sterically
disallowed for all amino acids
except glycine.
• Red regions : allowed regions
namely the a-helical and b-sheet
conformations.
• Yellow areas : outer limit
A Ramachandran plot (also known as a Ramachandran diagram or
a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran.
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/protien-131009191105-phpapp01/85/Protein-structure-details-9-320.jpg)
Protein structure: details
- 2. • Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules which are the polymers of amino acids. • Biochemists have distinguished several levels of structural organization of proteins. They are: – Primary structure – Secondary structure – Tertiary structure – Quaternary structure INTRODUCTION
- 3. PRIMARY STRUCTURE • The primary structure of protein refers to the sequence of amino acids present in the polypeptide chain. • Amino acids are covalently linked by peptide bonds. • Each component amino acid in a polypeptide is called a “residue” or “moiety” • By convention, the 10 structure of a protein starts from the amino- terminal (N) end and ends in the carboxyl-terminal (C) end.
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY STRUCTURE • To predict 20 and 30 structures from sequence homologies with related proteins. (Structure prediction) • Many genetic diseases result from abnormal amino acid sequences. • To understand the molecular mechanism of action of proteins. • To trace evolutionary paths. • End group analysis – Edman degradation. • Gene sequencing method. METHODS OF AMINO ACID SEQUENCE DETERMINATION
- 5. SECONDARY STRUCTURE • Localized arrangement of adjacent amino acids formed as the polypeptide chain folds. • It consists of • Linus Pauling proposed some essential features of peptide units and polypeptide backbone. They are: – The amide group is rigid and planar as a result of resonance. So rotation about C-N bond is not feasible. – Rotation can take place only about N- Cα and Cα – C bonds. – Trans configuration is more stable than cis for R grps at Cα • From these conclusions Pauling postulated 2 ordered structures α helix and β sheet α-helix β-pleated sheet β-bends Non repetitive structures Super secondary structures
- 6. POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONS • The only reasonably free movements are rotations around the C α-N bond (measured as ϕ ) and the C α-C bond (measured as Ѱ). • The conformation of the backbone can therefore be described by the torsion angles (also called dihedral angles or rotation angles)
- 7. Animation showing Phi angle rotation at Psi = 0.
- 8. Animations showing Psi angle rotation at Phi = 0.
- 9. • White regions : Sterically disallowed for all amino acids except glycine. • Red regions : allowed regions namely the a-helical and b-sheet conformations. • Yellow areas : outer limit A Ramachandran plot (also known as a Ramachandran diagram or a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT
- 10. • Spiral structure • Tightly packed, coiled polypeptide backbone core. • Side chain extend outwards • Stabilized by H bonding b/w carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen. • Amino acids per turn – 3.6 • Pitch is 5.4 A • Alpha helical segments are found in many globular proteins like myoglobins, troponin- C etc. ALPHA HELIX H bonding
- 11. • Formed when 2 or more polypeptides line up side by side. • Individual polypeptide - β strand • Each β strand is fully extended. • They are stabilized by H bond b/w N-H and carbonyl grps of adjacent chains. BETA PLEATED SHEET 2 types Parallel Anti -Parallel N C N N NC C C
- 13. EXAMPLES The collagen triple helix. Silk fibroin beta sheet.
- 14. BETA BENDS • Permits the change of direction of the peptide chain to get a folded structure. • It gives a protein globularity rather than linearity. • H bond stabilizes the beta bend structure. • Proline and Glycine are frequently found in beta turns. • Beta turns often promote the formation of antiparallel beta sheets. • Occur at protein surfaces. • Involve four successive aminoacid residues
- 15. NON REPETITIVE STRUCTURES • A significant portion of globular protein’s structure may be irregular or unique. • They include coils and loops. • Segments of polypeptide chains whose successive residues do not have similar ϕ and Ѱ values are called coils. • Almost all proteins with more than 60 residues contain one or more loops of 6 to 16 residues, called Ω loops. Space-filling model of an Ω loop
- 16. SUPER SECONDARY STRUCTURES (MOTIFS) Beta barrelβ-meander motif beta-alpha-beta motif Greek key motif Certain groupings of secondary structural elements are called motifs.
- 17. TERTIARY STRUCTURE • Tertiary structure is the three- dimensional conformation of a polypeptide. • The common features of protein tertiary structure reveal much about the biological functions of the proteins and their evolutionary origins. • The function of a protein depends on its tertiary structure. If this is disrupted, it loses its activity.
- 18. DOMAINS • Polypeptide chains containing more than ,200 residues usually fold into two or more globular clusters known as domains. • Fundamental functional and 3 dimensional structure of proteins. • Domains often have a specific function such as the binding of a small molecule. • Many domains are structurally independent units that have the characteristics of small globular proteins. The two-domain protein glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. NAD+
- 19. INTERACTIONS STABILIZING 30 STRUCTURE • This final shape is determined by a variety of bonding interactions between the "side chains" on the amino acids. • Hydrogen bonds • Ionic Bonds • Disulphide Bridges • Hydrophobic Interactions:
- 21. DETERMINATION OF TERTIARY STRUCTURE • The known protein structures have come to light through: • X-ray crystallographic studies • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance studies • The atomic coordinates of most of these structures are deposited in a database known as the Protein Data Bank (PDB). • It allows the tertiary structures of a variety of proteins to be analyzed and compared.
- 22. • The biological function of some molecules is determined by multiple polypeptide chains – multimeric proteins. • Arrangement of polypeptide sub unit is called quaternary structure. • Sub units are held together by non covalent interactions. • Eg: Hemoglobin has the subunit composition a2b2 QUATERNARY STRUCTURE Quaternary structure of hemoglobin.
- 23. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • A team of scientists at The Scripps Research Institute and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has discovered the structure of a protein – dynamin, that pinches off tiny pouches from cell’s outer membranes. • Scientists at the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology have revealed the structure of a complex protein called FimD that acts as an assembly platform for the pili of cystitis bacteria. • Researchers from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute have found a structural surprise in a type of protein, Bcl-w ,that encourages cell survival, raising interesting questions about how the proteins function to influence programmed cell death.
- 24. CONCLUSION • Proteins are extraordinarily complex molecules. Of all the molecules encountered in living organisms, proteins have the most diverse functions. • So a basic understanding of the structure of proteins is necessary to comprehend its role in organisms. • Further researches will provide more insight into the structure of several other proteins in the coming year.
- 25. REFERENCE • Voet, Donald; Voet Judith. Biochemistry, 3rd edition, John Wiley and sons. • Champe, Pamela.C, Harvey, Richard A, Ferrier Denise R (2005). Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 3rd edition. Lippincott William and Wilkins. • McKee Trudy, McKee James R (2003), Biochemistry: The molecular basis of life, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill. • http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/06/01/new.antibiotics.a. step.closer.with.discovery.bacterial.protein.structure • http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-04/sri- srs042610.php • http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-10-cell-survival-protein- reveals.html