Proximate / Weende System Analysis of Feeds & Fodder
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This document discusses the proximate analysis method of feed and fodder composition developed at the Weende Experimental Station in Germany in 1865. It outlines the major components analyzed in proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and ash. The procedures for determining each fraction are described. Both the merits and limitations of proximate analysis are discussed, noting it provides a basic analysis but does not characterize specific nutrients or account for all components like fiber.
Proximate / Weende System Analysis of Feeds & Fodder
- 1. Proximate Analysis of Feeds & Fodder Dr. Pankaj Kumar Singh Assistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition Bihar Animal Sciences University Patna, Bihar, India, PIN-800014 E-mail: vetpank@gmail.com
- 2. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS Weende System of Feed Analysis Origin • Weende Experimental Station, Germany 1865 • By Wilhelm Henneberg & Friedrich Stohmann • Chemical analysis of feed & fodder
- 3. COMPONENTS • Water or Moisture • Crude Protein (CP) • Ether Extract (EE) • Crude Fiber (CF) • Nitrogen Free extractives (NFE) • Ash
- 15. MAJOR COMPONENTS PROCEDURE FRACTION COMPONENTS Drying (100±20o) Moisture Water, other Volatile compounds Ignite (500-600o) Ash Mineral Elements Kjeldhal Digestion CP Protein, A.A., NPN Ether Extraction EE Fats, Oils. Waxes Boiling with Acid & Alkali CF Cellulose, Lignin Remainder NFE Starch, Sugar
- 17. LIMITATIONS OF PROXIMATE ANALYSIS (Harris 1970) Components Supposed to contain Contains Missing Excess Water Water Volatile Fatty Acids Decomposed Sugars None Volatile Fatty Acids, Decomposed Sugars CF Fibrous Matter Cellulose, Parts of Lignin Hemicellulose, Part of lignin, Acid Insoluble Ash None NFE Soluble Carbohydra tes Soluble CHO Hemicellulose, Part of Lignin, Acid Insoluble Ash None Hemicellulose, Lignin, Acid Insoluble Ash Ether Extract Crude Fat (Fats, Oils. Fatty Acids) Free Fats, Oils, Fatty Acids, Chlorophyll, Sterols, Anthocyanin, Carotenoids, Resins, Volatile oils, Lecithin Cholesterol, Alkali Substances Protein bound lipids, Fatty Acids formed Soaps Chlorophyll, Sterol, Anthocyanin, Carotenoids, Volatile Oils Resins Lecithin, Cholesterol, Alkali Substances
- 18. MERITS • It forms the basis for • Description of feed composition tables • Purchasing feeds • Ration formulation • various equations for energy estimations • It is the starting point for specific analysis. • Provides Ist hand information about the potentiality of the feed to fulfil the required nutrient.
- 19. Contd… • Used for analysis of feeds, faeces, urine body fluids • No substitute till today except for fiber component. • Referred by Nutritionist, Chemist, Physiologists, Bacteriologists, Dietatitian, Food Processors etc. • Handy to handle. • The process is simple and economic.
- 20. DEMERITS • Broad categorization of carbohydrates, CF, NFE, EE & CP • No indication of kind of mineral elements. • It does not includes vitamin. • Traditional conversion factor (6.25) is too large for most of the wild vegetation. (Conklin-Brittain,1999) • Values are approximate one and without actually using in feeding trials. • The partitioning of CF & NFE as poorly and highly digestible respectively is questionable (Crampton & Maynard ,1937) • The CF method severely underestimates the total plant cell wall content of a feed. (Vansoest, 1994)
- 21. Contd… • CF-considered as indigestible-non nutritive residue. (Banerjee 1978) • CF doesn’t account for some of the hemicellulose and lignin components. (Schroeder , 1994) • The residue of alkali-acid digestion is not truly indigestible portion of feed rather is composed of cellulose and variable portion of non cellulogic polysaccharides and lignin. (Jung , 1997) • The digestibility of carbohydrates does not follow its partitioning into CF & NFE with any marked certainty, especially for roughages. (Morrison, 1987)
- 22. • The CF of forages may be as well digested as the protein (Newlander and Jones, 1932; Mitchell and Hamilton,1933 ; Morrison, 1937). • NFE includes pentosans, other polusacharides, soluble lignins thus over estimates. (Banerjee 1978) • If EE contains large percentage of plant waxes, essential oils, resins etc., it has little value. • CP values give no indication if heat damage has occurred which may alter protein availability. (Schroeder , 1994) • The ash content is not true representative of the inorganic material in the feed. Contd…
- 23. Thanking you “Don’t let schooling interfere with your education” Mark Twain