Psyc 2301 chapter two powerpoint(2)
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This document discusses research methods in psychology. It covers why scientific methods are needed due to cognitive biases. It discusses the challenges of studying human behavior since people are complex, different, and react differently to situations. The document uses the example of Clever Hans to show the importance of carefully observing in controlled conditions and being aware of observer biases. It also covers types of research strategies like experiments, case studies, and surveys. It discusses methods of collecting data and how to minimize biases in research through double-blind experiments and placebos. Finally, it addresses ethical issues in psychological research involving humans and animals.
Psyc 2301 chapter two powerpoint(2)
- 2. Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology Why do we need scientific methods?Why do we need scientific methods? • Hindsight biasHindsight bias • False consensus effectFalse consensus effect EmpiricismEmpiricism • Empirical challenges of studying peopleEmpirical challenges of studying people People are complexPeople are complex People are differentPeople are different People react to situations differentlyPeople react to situations differently
- 3. Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology The story of clever HansThe story of clever Hans • Facts, theories and hypothesisFacts, theories and hypothesis • What can we learn from Hans?What can we learn from Hans? Be skepticalBe skeptical Observe carefully in controlled conditionsObserve carefully in controlled conditions Be aware of observer-expectancy effectsBe aware of observer-expectancy effects
- 4. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies Research design: The experimentResearch design: The experiment • Independent variableIndependent variable • Dependent variableDependent variable • VariablesVariables • ParticipantsParticipants • ConfederatesConfederates
- 5. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies
- 7. Central Tendency Mean, Median & Mode • Let’s look at the salaries of the employees • at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton: $25,000-Pam $25,000- Kevin $25,000- Angela $100,000- Andy $100,000- Dwight $200,000- Jim $300,000- Michael The median salary looks good at $100,000. The mean salary also looks good at about $110,000. But the mode salary is only $25,000. Maybe not the best place to work!!
- 8. Measures of Variability • Range: distance from highest to lowest scores. • Standard Deviation: the variance of scores around the mean. • The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is. • Do scientists want a big or small SD? Shaq and Kobe may both score 30 ppg (same mean). But their SDs are very different.
- 9. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies • Laboratory observationLaboratory observation • Case studiesCase studies • SurveySurvey • Laboratory studyLaboratory study • Field studyField study
- 10. Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods • Self-reportSelf-report methodmethod • QuestionnairesQuestionnaires • InterviewsInterviews • ObservationalObservational methodsmethods • Data collectionData collection pros and conspros and cons
- 11. Minimizing Bias in PsychologicalMinimizing Bias in Psychological ResearchResearch Avoiding observer andAvoiding observer and subject expectancy effectssubject expectancy effects • Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effect • Subject-expectancy effectSubject-expectancy effect • Double-blind experimentDouble-blind experiment • PlaceboPlacebo • Placebo effectPlacebo effect
- 12. Activity • “Softens hands while you do the dishes.”
- 13. Ethical Issues inPsychologicalResearchEthical Issues inPsychologicalResearch Research with humansResearch with humans • The right to privacyThe right to privacy • Possibility of discomfortPossibility of discomfort or harmor harm • The use of deceptionThe use of deception Research with animalsResearch with animals How can we ensureHow can we ensure ethical research?ethical research? • Institutional ReviewInstitutional Review BoardsBoards
- 14. HomeworkHomework • Read Chapter ThreeRead Chapter Three • ReminderReminder: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on Tuesday, September 10Tuesday, September 10thth (IN CLASS)(IN CLASS)