Psychoanalytic studies!
- 2. FOUNDER SIGMUND FREUD : MAY 6, 1856 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS BORN IN FREYBERG TOWN, CRECH REPUBLIC 1881 – HE GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL FACULTY, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA 1896 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED 1900 – HE RELEASED ‘INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS’ SEPTEMBER 23, 1939 –FREUD PASSED AWAY IN HAMPSTEAD HOUSE
- 3. OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYSIS •A set of philosophical of human nature •Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality •Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main cause of behavior lie in unconscious mind
- 4. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE 1.DETERMINISTIC • Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding pain 2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM • Freud believe that human are motivated by the unconscious, where the Id is found along with the aggression and sex instincts THEORY OF PERSONALITY • Determinism Mental events are not random, haphazard, accidental, unrelated phenomena. They are causally related chains of events. • Topography All mental elements are judged according to accessibility to consciousness. • Dynamic viewpoint The interaction of libidinal and aggressive impulses is biologically based and is more correctly defined by the term drives than by the more common but acceptable term instincts. • Genetic viewpoint Psychoanalysts have empirically linked later conflicts, character traits, neurotic symptoms, and psychological structures to childhood events, wishes, and fantasies.
- 5. LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE 1. UNCONSCIOUS • Contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams, wishes) 2. PRECONSCIOUS • Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are available for possible use in the future (E.g. A person will never think of her home address at that moment but when her friend ask for it, she can easily recall it) 3. CONSCIOUS • Only level of mental life that are directly available to us • The awareness of our own mental process (Thoughts/feeling)
- 6. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Consist of three parts : 1.Id 2.Ego 3.Superego
- 7. 1. Id •Infants are born with Id intact •Operates on PLEASURE PRINCIPE – to gain pleasure, avoid pain •Driven by sexual and aggressive urge
- 8. 2. Ego • The rational level of personality •Operates on REALITY PRINCIPLES – does realistic and logical thinking •The balance between Id and Superego
- 9. 3. Superego •Partially unconscious •Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLES •Able to differentiate between good and bad, right and wrong •If people follow their superego, they will feel proud but if they don’t follow, they will feel guilty and anxious
- 10. Example: • I want to eat chocolate! ID • Eats a small bar of chocolate EGO • I am on a super diet! SUPEREGO
- 11. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES •Children progress through SIX psychosexual stages during psychosexual development •A person become ‘FIXATED’ or stuck in a stage when a basic need is not met, therefore that person will face difficulty in transiting to another stage
- 13. 1. Oral Stage •Birth to 18 months •Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, •Fixation : 1. If the child is over stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he may become dependent on cigarette or alcohol, become chatterbox, or derive pleasure from acquiring possessions(collect things) 2. If the child is under stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or be argumentative
- 14. 2. Anal Stage •18 months until 3 years •Pleasure focuses on bowel movement (withholding/eliminating faeces) •Fixation : I. If parents were over-emphasizing potty training, the child will develop a retentive character. He will become obstinate and stingy II. If parents were negligent about potty training, the child will develop expulsive trait such as bad temper, cruelty and messy disorderliness
- 15. 3. Phallic Stage •3 years to 6 years •Pleasure zone is the sex organ/genitals •Fixations : • Oedipus complex in males / Electra complex in female: The boy will have the desire to posses his mother and displace his father and the girl will want to posses the father and remove her mother
- 16. Cont. Child whom had been fixated in this stage will develop a phallic character, such as reckless, proud and vain This conflict can also cause the child to be afraid of close relationship and weak sexual identity Freud stated that fixation may be a root of homosexuality
- 17. 4. Latency Stage •6 years to 11 years, until puberty •No fixations occur as the child’s energy are focused on peer activities and personal mastery of learning and physical skills
- 18. 5. Genital Stage •12 years onwards •Sexual interest in opposite sex increase •The child improve their personal identities, develop caring feeling towards others, establish loving and sexual relationship and progress in successful careers. •Fixation : I. Frigidity, impotence and unsatisfactory relationship
- 19. DEFENSE MECHANISM • Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in an attempt to resolve the conflict between Id and Superego – so that personality can operate in a healthy manner • It deny/distort reality while operating in unconscious level • If it is used once a while, the purpose of using it is to reduce stress • But if it is used frequently, it means the individual are trying to avoid facing reality
- 20. 1. Repression DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE •Unpleasant experiences are stored deep in the subconscious mind and cant be access by the conscious mind •Basic defense mechanism •An accident victim nearly dies but remembers none of the details of the accident
- 21. 2. Displacement DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Redirecting the feelings of hostility and violent action from self to another that is less threatening from original source •Angered by a neighbor’s hateful comment, a mother punish her child for accidentally spilling her drinks
- 22. 3. Rationalization DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Providing a reasonable explanation to make undesirable behavior appear logical •A student who fails a test because she did not study hard enough blames her failure on the teacher for using ‘tricky’ question
- 23. 4. Denial DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Reality is distorted to make it suit to the individual’s wishes •An alcoholic fails to acknowledge that he is addicted to alcohol
- 24. 5. Regression DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Returning to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development •After Lucy’s parents bitter divorce, she refuse to sleep alone in her room and crawling into bed with her mother
- 25. 6. Reaction Formation DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Thinking or behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite to those that are of real intention •A woman who loves an unobtainable man and behaves as though she hates him
- 26. 7. Projection DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE The attribution of one’s unacceptable urges or qualities to others A person in an extremely bad mood accuses family members of being hard to get along with 8. Sublimation • This is similar to displacement, but takes place when we manage to displace our emotions into a constructive rather than destructive activity • Sport is another example of putting our emotions (e.g. aggression) into something constructive. • Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have used the medium of art of music to express themselves
- 27. 2. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY • This therapy engage in a more supportive intervention • Psychoanalytic therapy is based upon psychoanalysis but is less intensive (1-3 sessions per week) • It is for individuals who want to understand more about themselves and those who have difficulties that affected them • Client will talk about their life and the therapist will listen, this is known as talk therapy. The therapist will look for patterns that may have cause the client’s difficulties • Usually face-to-face session
- 28. • Client are advised not to make radical changes in their lifestyle as it may disturb the therapeutic process • Example of radical change : filing a divorce/ quitting their job This therapy also use other techniques (free association, dream analysis) •Termination can take place when both therapist and client mutually agree that the client had : I. Resolve the problem/core conflict II. Accepted their remaining emotional problem III. Understand the root of their difficulties
- 29. 3. PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY •This approach evolved from the psychoanalytic theory but it is more simplified in terms of the length of the process and focus on more immediate problem (phobia, anxiety problem) •In psychodynamic therapy, the therapist will pay more attention to transference manifestation (when the patient transfers feelings for others onto the therapist), the meaning of client’s dream •Transference are encouraged in psychodynamic
- 30. •This therapy include using technique from other sources such as Carl Jung, Otto Rank etc. •To increase a client's awareness and understanding of how the past has influenced present thoughts and behaviors, by exploring their unconscious patterns. •Seeks to provide a quicker solution •It can be used in individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, family therapy, institutional and organizational contexts.
- 31. ADVANTAGES •Client gains insight •Learn from personal past •Stresses on developmental growth stages •Can be used for a variety of disorders(hysteria, phobias, anxiety, sexual difficulties)
- 32. DISADVANTAGES •Long term process and expensive •Requires client full commitment •Used mostly in psychiatry •Not useful for older clients •Not design to help people with urgent concern