Pueperium
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1. The puerperium is the 6-week period after childbirth where the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state as the placenta is removed and uterine involution occurs. 2. Major complications during this time include puerperal infection/sepsis, mastitis, postpartum hemorrhage, and mental health issues. 3. Puerperal infection is diagnosed based on fever within the first two weeks and requires investigation and treatment with antibiotics to prevent serious illness or death.
Pueperium
- 1. PUERPERIUM & PUERPERAL SEPSIS Fahad zakwan
- 2. PUERPERIUM • is the time during which: • all the physiological changes of pregnancy is reversed • and the pelvic organs return to their previous state • and endocrine influence of the placenta is removed • ~6 wks(+ 40 days) … • 1st two weeks, the changes are rapid & become slower thereafter. • Lactation is established • It is a time of physiological and mental adjustment to the new environment with the arrival of a new baby
- 3. OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL & NURSING CARE DURING THE PUERPERIUM 1. Monitor physiological changes of puerperium 2. To diagnose and treats any postnatal complications 3. To establish infant feeding 4. To give the mother emotional support 5. To advise about contraception
- 4. 1. THE PELVIC ORGANS: 1. Uterine involution • after delivery: uterine fundus palpable at level of umbilicus • 10-14 days later, disappears behind the symphysis pubis. • This process is aided by oxytocin during breast feeding • Delay in involution = infection or retained products of placenta
- 5. 2. THE CERVIX •After delivery: flacid and curtain like •Few days original form & consistency •External os dilated to one finger (weeks— months) •Internal os is closed to less than one finger by the 2nd week of the puerperium.
- 6. 3.THE VAGINA: • 1st few days of puerperium, vaginal wall is smooth, soft and oedmatous • Slight distention return to normal capacity in few days • Episiotomy and tears of vagina and perineum heal well. • Healing is impaired in presence of haematoma or infection
- 7. 4. ENDOMETRIUM CAVITY: •Decidua is cast off as a result of ischemia lochial flow •Lochia= blood, leucocytes, shreds of decidua and organisms. •Initially; dusky red, fades after one week, clears within 4 weeks of delivery. •New endometrium grows from basal layer of decidua.
- 8. • OTHER SYSTEMS: Bladder & Urethra • Within 2-3 weeks hydroureter and calycial dilatation of pregnancy is much less evident. • Complete return to normal 6-8 weeks • Diuresis during first day Blood • Plasma volume • Blood clotting factors and platelet count rise after delivery • Fibrinolytic activity (which occurs during pregnancy) is reversed within 30 min. of placental delivery.
- 9. COMPLICATIONS OF THE PUERPERIUM SERIOUS AND SOMETIMES FATAL DISORDERS MAY ARISE DURING THE PUERPERIUM I. Thrombosis & Embolism : = One of the main causes of maternal death. II. Puerperal Infection : Puerperial Pyrexia = A clinical sign that merits careful investigation. = A temperature of 38 oC on any occasion in the first 14 days delivery.
- 10. CAUSES: 1. Urinary tract infection 2. Genital tract infection 3. Pelvic / intra-uterine infection 4. Breast infection 5. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 6. Respiratory infection 7. Other non-obstetrics causes 8. Surgical wounds e.g. C.S.
- 11. •DX / INVESTIGATION • Full Clinical Examination • MSU • Cervical & HVS • Sputum C/S (if possible) &Blood culture MANAGEMENT: After investigation is sent for Start antibiotics if situation warrants
- 12. III. MASTITIS : i. Acute intramammary mastitis = due to failure of milk withdrawal from a lobule Rx breast feeding, cold compress , antibiotics if no improvement within 24 hrs. ii. Infective mastitis : = May be due to staph. Aureus Rx. Antibiotics according to sensitivity iii. Breast abscess formation : = Rare but preventable Rx.- Surgical drainage if established. - antibiotics, only if early.
- 13. IV. SECONDARY POSTPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE: = Excessive blood loss from genital tract more than 24 hr and within 6 weeks of delivery Causes i. Retained placental fragments ii. Blood clots ~ Usually within a few days of delivery (Commonest between 8-14 days)
- 14. MANAGEMENT Mild bleeding observe IV fluid /blood + oxytocic drug Evacuation of uterus under GA if - USS suggests presence of retained placental tissue - Heavy bleeding persists - the uterus is larger than expected and tender and the cervix is open. - The infection is treated appropriately.
- 15. V. PUERPERIAL MENTAL DISORDERS: i. Fourth day blues anxiety and depression ii. Puerperal psychosis Uncommon, however serious ? Due to endocrine changes in puerperium, or are an uncovering of an underlying psychotic tendency at a vulnerable stage. Psychiatrist opinion is seeked hence risk of suicide and safety of baby are paramount consideration. Warning signs : Confusion, restlessness, extreme wakefulness, hallucination and delirium TREATMENT According to severity Observe, discuss, mild sedatives If severe heavy sedation + transfer to psychiatric ward