Pulses or legumes.ppt
- 2. • International Year of Pulses 2016 • The 68th UN General Assembly declared 2016 the International Year of Pulses (IYP) (A/RES/68/231) • The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been nominated to facilitate the implementation of the Year in collaboration with Governments, relevant organizations, non-governmental organizations and all other relevant stakeholders. • The IYP 2016 aims to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed towards food security and nutrition. • The Year will create a unique opportunity to encourage connections throughout the food chain that would better utilize pulse-based proteins, further global production of pulses, better utilize crop rotations and address the challenges in the trade of pulses.
- 3. The specific objectives of the IYP 2016 • Raise awareness about the important role of pulses in sustainable food production and healthy diets and their contribution to food security and nutrition; • Promote the value and utilization of pulses throughout the food system, their benefits for soil fertility and climate change and for combating malnutrition; • Encourage connections throughout the food chain to further global production of pulses, foster enhanced research, better utilize crop rotations and address the challenges in the trade of pulses.
- 4. What are pulses and why are they important? • Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding between one and 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod, used for both food and feed. • The term “pulses” is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excluding crops harvested green for food, which are classified as vegetable crops, as well as those crops used mainly for oil extraction and leguminous crops that are used exclusively for sowing purposes (based on the definition of “pulses and derived products” of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).
- 5. What are pulses and why are they important? • Pulse crops such as lentils, beans, peas and chickpeas are a critical part of the general food basket. Pulses are a vital source of plant- based proteins and amino acids for people around the globe and should be eaten as part of a healthy diet to address obesity, as well as to prevent and help manage chronic diseases such as diabetes, coronary conditions and cancer; they are also an important source of plant-based protein for animals. • In addition, pulses are leguminous plants that have nitrogen-fixing properties which can contribute to increasing soil fertility and have a positive impact on the environment. • The IYP website will be the main platform to share information and relevant resources with different partners. The current version will be updated soon, please come back for more information.
- 7. • Agricultural Competitiveness Improve crop and animal agriculture; enhance farm productivity and income; policies; supply chain; storage; transportation • Ecological Footprint Water/land use, natural resource and environmental stewardship, greenhouse gas, global climate change, depleted soils • Bioeconomy Replacements for petroleum-based products and enhance community economic well being • Health Food safety, (micro)nutrition, obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, hunger, poverty 21st Century Food System Challenges
- 25. Forage & Food Legumes • Unit 9 Objectives: – Describe cultural practices of growing forage legumes, peas – Identify criteria for selecting forage legumes – Understand climate/temp needs – Examine the relationship of maturity – stage of blooming – to protein content of a forage
- 26. • Peas – Processing or market may determine variety grown – Cool-season, best grown in late-summer or early fall – Both bush and vine types available for edible pod and regular shelling peas – Vine types produce more for longer periods of time • Require climbing trellis • Cooler, moist climate
- 27. – Soil • Uniformity in fertility, type, slope, drainage required • Preferred soils: silt loams, sandy loams, clay loams • Need good supply of available moisture • Peas grown in wet soils do not develop adequate root systems – Root rot is often problem – Can dry out as season gets drier • 6.5 pH or higher for maximum yields
- 28. – Soil Temperature at Planting • Good germination at 39-57º • Ensure firm seedbed • Level land makes harvesting more efficient • Harvesting & processing determined by heat units and the processor • April plantings - ~70d to harvest • May plantings - ~60d to harvest • June plantings - ~55d to harvest
- 29. – Seeding • 3-6 seeds/ft of row, 6-8” row spacing • 1.5 – 2” depth • 480,000 plants/ac • Adequate, not excessive moisture – Slight rolling is ok – Fertilizer • Fertilizer response difficult to predict because of various influences • N – Rates should be dictated by soil testing – Seeds should be inoculated at planting to ensure adequate supply of N fixing bacteria
- 30. • P – Should be banded w/ N, K – Required for vigorous early growth • K – Apply and incorporate before planting, or band – Don’t drill w/ the seed to prevent injury • Weed Control – Cultivate as often as necessary for small weeds – Strive to eliminate chemical applications • Insect Control – Observe crop rotation recommendations – Crop may be susceptible to armyworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, loopers
- 31. • Disease Control – Best management practices will reduce disease risk » Crop rotation, fertility, soil selection, etc. – Nematodes – Use seed from reputable sources – Blights, mildews, stem rot, root rot, etc. • Harvesting, Handling, Storage – Timing determined by tenderometer reading, weather, soil conditions – Yields increase w/ maturity, but decreases quality – Harvested w/ machining process similar to a combine
- 32. – Storage » Must be promptly cooled to ~32º & 90-95% humidity » May use a hydrocooler to cool quickly, preferred method » Pack w/ ice after precooling to maintain freshness » Don’t keep more than 3 wks under the best storage conditions before canning or sale as fresh
- 33. • Forage Legumes – Environmentally friendly, improve soil tilth, reduce pesticide use, reduce soil erosion, improve profitability for the producer, excellent feed source – Species Selection • Target use should dictate selection • See pg. 479 for legume forage recommendations
- 34. • Alfalfa – Productive, even during summer, unless extreme drought – Can last 5+ yrs under proper mgmt – Excellent quality forage – Best Management considerations • Timely cutting • Control insects, diseases, weeds • Replacement of nutrients removed by the forage
- 35. – Site Selection & Soil Fertility • Prefers: deep, fertile, well-drained soils, pH 6.0- 6.5 • Mixing w/ orchard grass, etc. may help improve and lengthen the stand • Requires high fertility for stand establishment – Especially P – Soil test to determine needs – Incorporate lime before seeding – Resample soil after 2 yrs to check fertility » Help to ensure stand longevity » Topdress limestone
- 36. • P establishes vigorous stand, stimulates root growth for summer drought resistance, quick spring growth, etc. • N, K needed in small amounts – General needs at seeding: » 20-30 lbs N » 20-60 lbs K – Incorporate for best effect – Variety Selection • Consistent high yields • Moderate winter hardy • Moderate to high disease resistence
- 37. – Establishment • May be frost-seeded, broadcast, no-tilled, or drilled – Frost-seed – Jan or Feb » Allow freeze/thaw to work seed into soil – No-till or drilled tends to produce a better stand • Plant no deeper than ¼” for quick emergence – Firm seedbed » Key to establishing a good stand – especially in dry yrs • Broadcast seeding – Firm the seedbed w/ a cultipacker or roller before & after planting
- 38. – Companion Crop • Can be fall-seeded w/ wheat, oats, etc. • Broadcast during the winter • Provides protection for the young, new crop – Also competes for nutrients, light, etc. • Usually expect 1 cutting of hay in late August, early Sept when seeded w/ companion crop – Seeding Rates & Mixtures • Seeding alone – 15lbs/ac of certified seed
- 39. • Mixed seeding w/ grass – 10lbs/ac Bromegrass – 6lbs/ac Orchard grass – 10lbs/ac Tall Fescue – 6lbs/ac Reed Canary Grass – Decreases potential for heaving in the winter, reduces weed competition, lessens damage to soil structure from grazing, reduces bloat potential – Maintaining Alfalfa Stands • Annual fertility program & proper harvest management will increase stand longevity & production
- 40. • Initial seedings – 15+ plants/sq ft • As plants die, others increase in size to take up the space • Alfalfa-grass mixtures can maintain productivity with only 2 alfalfa plants/sq ft – Annual Fertilization • May need: P, K, Boron, lime? to maintain a vigorous stand • Apply according to soil tests • Single application after 1st cutting, or split applications after 1st & 3rd cuttings
- 41. – Harvest Mgmt • Stage of maturity determines hay quality • Quality declines rapidly after flowering • Should not be grazed/harvested from Sept – Nov 1 – Allows plant to store root reserves for overwintering – After Nov 1 – may take another cutting or graze if soil is well drained, or have a grass mixture • 3-4 cuttings/yr at bloom stage – stand longevity = 6+ yrs • 3-5 cuttings/yr at bud stage – stand longevity = 3-4 yrs
- 43. • Turn animals in at bud stage, graze to remove most top growth in 6-10d – Allow 30-35d for regrowth – Use poloxalene blocks to prevent bloat – Don’t turn hungry animals into the pasture – Insects • Alfalfa weevil – Usually damages 1st cutting – Scout for following infestations – Spray when 25% of tips are skeletonized or cut early
- 44. • Potato Leafhopper – Sucks juices from the plant – Yellowing and decreasing plant nutrient content – Damage may be significant before yellowing is apparent • Scout regularly – Weed Control • Establish a uniform, dense stand • Herbicide control depends on alfalfa growth, weed growth, stage of development, etc.
- 45. – Diseases • Phytophthora Root Rot, bacterial wilt, crown rot • Choose resistant varieties • Use crop rotation • High quality seed • Red Clover – Short-lived perennial legume – Hay, pasture, green manure crop – Not as productive as alfalfa in the summer – Easily established w/ no-till interseeding, or frost-seeding
- 46. – Harvest 3-4x/yr for medium Red Clover • Bird’s-Foot Trefoil – Deep-rooted perennial legume – Tolerant of lower pH’s, moderate to poor drainage, marginal fertility, withstand flooding, drought – Somewhat difficult to establish – Should be seeded w/ another crop – Characteristics: • Excellent quality forage
- 47. • Fair palatability • Stores well • Nonbloating • Well-suited for grazing • White Clover – Low-growing, short-lived – Well suited for pastures – Improves forage quality of grass pastures – Reduces need for N fertilizer – Same seeding options as red clover
- 48. – Shallow rooted • Doesn’t tolerate drought well – Ladino clover • More productive variety • Annual Lespedeza – Spring-sown, warm-season legume – Hay, pasture, soil erosion control – Relatively low yielding – High quality nutritive value – Excellent for pasture in the late summer
- 49. – Can persist well if allowed to reseed • Managing Forages – Seed Yr Management • Establishing good stand critical for production • Select proper species • Use proper crop rotation to improve productivity, reduce disease risk, insect problems • Don’t reseed alfalfa after an alfalfa stand – Produces a toxin that will reduce germination & growth
- 50. – Fertilization & Liming • Essential for economic forage production • Soil test before seeding for proper nutrient balance – Test continually to maintain proper nutrient levels – pH above 6.5 » Lime when pH is >.2-.3 less than recommended pH – Seed Inoculation • Inoculate w/ proper N fixing bacteria prior to seeding to ensure good nodulation
- 51. • Especially important in fields that haven’t had legumes • Purchase proper inoculum for the forage seeded • Check expiration date on seed bag, reinoculate if necessary – Seed Treatment • Highly recommended for control of root rots • Helps stand establishment – Spring Seedings • Plant as soon as area can be prepared after Mar 15
- 52. • Weed pressure may be a struggle • Seeding w/out a companion crop may allow for 2-3 cuttings in the seeding yr • Seeding w/ a companion crop will increase tonnage the first yr, forage quality will be decreased – Manage the competition when seeding – Use early-maturing, stiff-strawed varieties – Sow at 1.5-2.0 bu/ac – Remove small grains early as silage or pasture – Don’t apply additional N to the companion crop
- 53. – Late Summer Seedings • Excellent time for stand establishment if moisture is sufficient – Time to establish before winter • August is preferred time • Don’t use a companion crop – Seeding Basics • Smooth, firm, weed-free seedbeds • Conserve moisture • Seeding depth ¼ - ½”
- 55. Fabaceae • Second most important family for humans • A combination of grain and pulses is seen in major civilization – Barley and lentils; rice and soybeans; corn and beans • Fabaceae is diverse and has about 16,000 species • Common features are the flowers and fruits (a legume)
- 56. Fabaceae • Three subfamilies – Faboideae – main source of pulses (Dried seeds) – Caesalpinoidae – tamarind and carob • Plants have root nodules – increases the nutrients of the soil – More protein in the fruits – Non-protein amino acids (some toxic) – Good rotation crop
- 57. Nutrients • Protein: CHO: fat: fiber are 20:70:8:4 percent. • Protein: lack Met and cysteine and some sulfur containing amino acids • CHO: raffinose and stachyose series. Hard to digest, flactulence. Alpha – galactosidase from Aspergillas. • Fat has unsaturated fatty acids; hihgest in peanuts
- 58. Nutrients • Non-protein amino acids • Some have anti-nutritional factor • Protease inhibitor • Isoflavone • Dissolve fiber
- 59. Lentils • Lens culinaris –Shape of eye lens. 25% proteins, 60% CHO, less than 1% fat vit A &B abd calcium • Middle East between 8000-9000years ago • Domesticated • Has most digestible and most commonly eaten pulse
- 60. Peas • Pisum sativum • Near East and Europe, 8000 – 9500 years old but not sure whether grow or gathered. • Brought ot New world by Columbus • Eaten fresh • Chinese snow peas has low fiber and selected 17th century • Sugar snap peas – recent 1979
- 61. Broad beans • Vicia faba: mainly hog feed • Middle East origin • Favism: hemolytic anemia; due to defective gene; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; due to vicine that oxidizes and degrades RBC
- 62. Chickpeas • Cicer arietinum: forage has toxic proteins • Near Eastern • Do not like cool climates • Quality and easily digestible proteins
- 63. Soy beans • Glycine max: Native of China • High is proteins sulfur containing ones • Isoflavones: genestine; daizein • Phytosterols • Antivitamins; protease inhibitors; cyanogens; saponins
- 64. Pigean peas • Cajanus cajan
- 65. Black-eye peas • Vigna unguiculata
- 66. Lima beans • Phaseolus lunatas/limensis • Lima; kidney or garden beans(P.vulgaris); green or mung beans(P. aureus); blackgram (P.mungo)
- 67. Peanuts • Arachis hypogea: pedicles enter the ground for fruit to mature • Unique flowering and fruiting • 45% oils; 20-25% proteins; • South America – origin • Mainly used as roasted seeds; peanut butter and oil
- 68. Tamarind and carob • Tamarindus indica • Ceratonina siliqua
- 70. Successful pipeline must be carried out in partnership with the end-user and use transdisciplinary approaches in collaborations across academia, government, and the private sector
- 71. Opportunities • Agriculture and Food Research Initiative • Specialty Crops Research Initiative • Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative • Interagency – NIH – NSF – USAID-PEER – BARD – BBSRC – Ireland and Northern Ireland
- 72. NIFA/NIH joint initiative: “Food specific molecular profiles and dietary biomarkers of dietary consumption” • Colorado State University – Address metabolite profiles in dry beans • Goals – Discover and validate molecular signatures of dietary intake and long-term food consumption – Develop a database of food-specific molecular signatures – Inform policy and disseminate findings to industry • Other NIFA investments – BeanCAP, Hatch projects to support pulse research
- 73. Opportunities: Precision Foods • Individual genome, epigenome, microbiome • Plant/animal genome, epigenome, microbiome • Wearable sensors – FitBit, Apple Watch – Athos, Hexoskin, Gymi – Google contact lens • Food analysis • Lifestyle • Behavior
Editor's Notes
- #8: Protein-energy malnutrition: deficient in calories and protein, most lethal form of malnutrition “Hidden hunger”: micronutrient malnutrition, affects more than half of the world’s population >50% of children throughout the world suffer micronutrient deficiency of some form (worldwide) 2 billion people affected, globally Depending on which micronutrient is deficient, can result in fatigue, impaired motor and cognitive development, and hinder immune function (among other problems)
- #73: More about joint initiative: partnership between NIFA and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases $1.6 M awarded to Dr. Elizabeth Ryan’s research team at Colorado State University “Rice Bran and Bean Metabolomes for Human Dietary Exposure Biomarkers” CommonBeanCAP: Award total $4 million, 2009-2014 A few examples of Hatch investments in pulses: “Reduction of major health problems through pulse consumption” (Michigan State University) “Genetic improvement of pulse crops for the northern plains” (North Dakota State University) “Genetic Improvement of pulse crops (pea, lentil and chickpea) for the northern plains” (North Dakota State University)