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SQL (Data Base)
Data is a useful information.
Which helps to make a decision.
Set of information of any entity is known as data.
Example:
Employee information.(Name,job,sal etc…)
Product information
Sales information
• What is Data?
•What is Database ?
Place where you store data
A database is a systematic collection of data.
Databases support storage and manipulation of data.
Databases make data management easy.
Ex:
An online telephone directory.
Electricity service provider
Facebook.
• What is a Database Management
System (DBMS)?
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of
programs which enables its users to access database,
manipulate data, reporting / representation of data .
Data base combined with management system services is
known as DBMS.
Oracle 2,
 Oracle 3,
Oracle 4,
Oracle 5,
Oracle 6,
Oracle 7,
Oracle 8i,
Oracle 9i,
Oracle 10g,
Oracle 11g
and the latest to hit the market is Oracle 12c. here ‘i’ stands for Internet, ‘g’ stands for Grid /
Grid computing and C for Cloud Computing .
• Here the services are.
Entering new data
Updating old data with new data
Deleting unwanted data
Authenticating the users
Providing security
• The s/w which is widely used today is Oracle.
• The different versions of Oracle starting from the earliest to the latest are –
•What is Relational Database?
 It is the collection of relations or two dimensional tables
 Dr E.F Codd proposed the relational model for database system in 1969
 Relational Model Consists of following
 Collections of Objects or Relations
 Set of Operators to act on the relations
 Data integrity for accuracy and consistency.
( Data integrity is the one which contains correct data in the database)
 To restrict storing wrong data in database we use data integrity.
 To Preserve data integrity we have two types
1.DataType:
2.Constraints:
Data Type is a type of data which you store in each column.
A constraint is a condition which restricts the invalid data in the table.
A constraint can be provided for a column of a table.
•Constraints
A constraint is a condition which restricts the invalid
data in the table.
A constraint can be provided for a column of a table.
•Types of Constraints
 NOT NULL
 UNIQUE
 Primary Key
 Foreign Key
 Check
• Null
 NULL is nothing, it is neither zero nor blank space
 It will not occupy any space in the memory
 Two NULLS are never same in Oracle
 NULL represents unknown value
 Any arithmetic operation we perform on NULL will
result in NULL itself. For ex, 100000 + NULL = NULL ;
100000 * NULL = NULL
•Not Null
 NOT NULL will ensure at least some value should
be present in a column
• Unique
It will not allow any duplicates in a column
UNIQUE column can take multiple NULL (s)
• Primary Key
It is the combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE
Only one PK is allowed in a table
PK identifies a record uniquely in a table
Creation of PK is not mandatory, but it is highly
recommended to create
Candidate Key: Eligible to become PK
Alternate Key: Eligible to become primary key but not chosen
as PK
CK=PK+AK
AK=CK-PK
• Foreign Key
FK creates relationship between any two tables
FK is also called as referential integrity constraints
FK is created on the child table
FK can take both NULL and duplicate values
To create FK, the master table should have PK defined on the
common column of the master table
We can have more than 1 FK in a given table
•Check
It is used to provide additional validations as per the
customer requirements.

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QSpiders - SQL (Data Base)

  • 2. Data is a useful information. Which helps to make a decision. Set of information of any entity is known as data. Example: Employee information.(Name,job,sal etc…) Product information Sales information • What is Data?
  • 3. •What is Database ? Place where you store data A database is a systematic collection of data. Databases support storage and manipulation of data. Databases make data management easy. Ex: An online telephone directory. Electricity service provider Facebook.
  • 4. • What is a Database Management System (DBMS)? Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs which enables its users to access database, manipulate data, reporting / representation of data . Data base combined with management system services is known as DBMS.
  • 5. Oracle 2,  Oracle 3, Oracle 4, Oracle 5, Oracle 6, Oracle 7, Oracle 8i, Oracle 9i, Oracle 10g, Oracle 11g and the latest to hit the market is Oracle 12c. here ‘i’ stands for Internet, ‘g’ stands for Grid / Grid computing and C for Cloud Computing . • Here the services are. Entering new data Updating old data with new data Deleting unwanted data Authenticating the users Providing security • The s/w which is widely used today is Oracle. • The different versions of Oracle starting from the earliest to the latest are –
  • 6. •What is Relational Database?  It is the collection of relations or two dimensional tables  Dr E.F Codd proposed the relational model for database system in 1969  Relational Model Consists of following  Collections of Objects or Relations  Set of Operators to act on the relations  Data integrity for accuracy and consistency. ( Data integrity is the one which contains correct data in the database)  To restrict storing wrong data in database we use data integrity.  To Preserve data integrity we have two types 1.DataType: 2.Constraints: Data Type is a type of data which you store in each column.
  • 7. A constraint is a condition which restricts the invalid data in the table. A constraint can be provided for a column of a table. •Constraints A constraint is a condition which restricts the invalid data in the table. A constraint can be provided for a column of a table. •Types of Constraints  NOT NULL  UNIQUE  Primary Key  Foreign Key  Check
  • 8. • Null  NULL is nothing, it is neither zero nor blank space  It will not occupy any space in the memory  Two NULLS are never same in Oracle  NULL represents unknown value  Any arithmetic operation we perform on NULL will result in NULL itself. For ex, 100000 + NULL = NULL ; 100000 * NULL = NULL
  • 9. •Not Null  NOT NULL will ensure at least some value should be present in a column • Unique It will not allow any duplicates in a column UNIQUE column can take multiple NULL (s)
  • 10. • Primary Key It is the combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE Only one PK is allowed in a table PK identifies a record uniquely in a table Creation of PK is not mandatory, but it is highly recommended to create Candidate Key: Eligible to become PK Alternate Key: Eligible to become primary key but not chosen as PK CK=PK+AK AK=CK-PK
  • 11. • Foreign Key FK creates relationship between any two tables FK is also called as referential integrity constraints FK is created on the child table FK can take both NULL and duplicate values To create FK, the master table should have PK defined on the common column of the master table We can have more than 1 FK in a given table
  • 12. •Check It is used to provide additional validations as per the customer requirements.