Quantum Computers PART 5 Scanning Tunneling Microscope by Lili Saghafi
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The document discusses the integrated chip technology, detailing its construction using silicon wafers, transistors, and nano technology. It explains how scanning tunneling microscopes are crucial for manipulating and imaging atoms to build qubits necessary for quantum computing. Additionally, it highlights the advancements in transistors and materials like graphene which enhance processor efficiency.
Quantum Computers PART 5 Scanning Tunneling Microscope by Lili Saghafi
- 1. 1 Quantum Computers New Generation of Computers PART 5 Scanning Tunneling Microscope Professor Lili Saghafi Quantum Information and Computation XIII Conference April 2015
- 2. TUNNELLING SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE The Qbites build on silicon wafer 2
- 3. Agenda • Integrated Chip • Transistors • Nano Technology • Tunnelling • Scanning Tunneling Microscope 3
- 4. integrated chip • The concept behind an integrated chip is relatively simple: – an entire electrical circuit with numerous transistors, wires, and other electrical devices all built into a single square of silicon. • These chips are smaller than a centimeter-by- centimeter square, yet they can hold billions of transistors. • On one silicon chip there are 3 billion of these transistors, which they are 5000 times smaller than human hair 4
- 5. The Integrated Chip • The chip , it's made out of a semiconductor crystal. • The chip starts out as a thin wafer of P-type silicon. • This is then coated with a layer of silicon dioxide -- kind of a silicon rust, which doesn't conduct electricity. • On top of this is placed a chemical called photoresist. • Flashing a pattern of light (like the grid of light and dark that's formed by a window screen) on the photoresist turns any parts exposed to the light hard. • The bits left in shadow stay soft. 5
- 6. • When an etching chemical is applied those soft parts, and the silicon dioxide underneath them, are removed. • The hard photoresist is then dissolved, leaving a pattern of raised silicon dioxide along the surface. • Since the silicon dioxide doesn't conduct electricity, it keeps different parts of the final circuit separated from others. • Following the same method, a pattern of polysilicon (which does conduct electricity and is part of the transistor) is added. 6 The Integrated Chip
- 7. • Then, again using projected photoresist masks, areas of the chip are doped to become N-type silicon, another crucial part of a transistor. • Lastly, metal leads are added to connect the various components on the chip. • Since the chips are so small, hundreds are made on a single silicon wafer at once. • After all the patterns have been faithfully reproduced on to the chips, the wafer is sliced up into individual chips. 7 The Integrated Chip
- 8. On one silicon chip there are 3 billion of these transistors, 5000 times smaller than human hair 8
- 11. Silicon is the second most abundant material on the earth 11
- 12. Common Sand 12
- 13. Silicon is a semiconductor 13
- 14. Transistors are switches construct of semiconductors 14
- 18. Smaller transistors cause leakage of electricity to each other 18
- 20. By vertical transistors no short circuits happens 20
- 21. Graphine is single atom, is 1000 time faster than silicon, pencil lead, one atom thick, on scotch tape 21
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- 23. Silicon on top of graphine 23
- 25. Comparison of this capsule to all these devices 25
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- 27. Nanotechnology Change the World ? Nanite 27
- 28. 28
- 29. Nanometer half the width of DNA 29
- 30. silicon wafer 30
- 31. • Made in silicon • Single atom , electron in silicon, and encode are information in Qubits • Good thing is that Silicon does not interact with electrons 31
- 32. Scanning Tunneling Microscope The only technology that exist now to build these Qubits 32
- 33. Principal of Scanning tunneling microscope 33
- 34. Principal of Scanning tunneling microscope 34
- 35. Principal of Scanning tunneling microscope 35
- 36. Principal of Scanning tunneling microscope 36
- 37. Quantum Tunnel Effect And Tunneling Microscope / Video 37
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- 39. Scanning Tunneling Microscope • How do we image or manipulate atoms now the only technology is Scanning tunneling microscope • It has fine metal tips , when you bring it down to atom surface , you apply a voltage , it creates a current, it keeps current constant , move that tip through the atom, • as it move it deflect in height , • from that you can image the atom on the surface, and then • you raster- scanner it , rather like a television screen 39
- 40. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 40
- 41. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 41
- 42. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 42
- 43. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 43
- 44. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 44
- 45. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 45
- 46. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 46
- 48. Surface studies with a scanning tunnelling microscope 48
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- 51. Different technologies to build processors 51
- 52. Chip is 20mm in size, from niobium, superconducting in -264 degrees , 52
- 53. The place of Qubits on the chip 53
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- 55. 55
- 56. Of what the atoms look like on the surface 56
- 57. • Sitting on the silicon surface that transistors are made on 57
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- 60. And within that vacuum you put your samples in and you control the atoms 60
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- 63. Make devices out of single atom 63
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- 65. Simple 65
- 66. 66 Thank you! Great Audience Professor Lili Saghafi proflilisaghafi@gmail.com
- 67. References, Images Credit • Internet and World Wide Web How To Program, 5/E , (Harvey & Paul) Deitel & Associates • New Perspectives on the Internet: Comprehensive, 9th Edition Gary P. Schneider Quinnipiac University • Web Development and Design Foundations with HTML5, 6/E, Terry Felke-Morris, Harper College • SAP Market Place https://websmp102.sap-ag.de/HOME#wrapper • Forbeshttp://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2013/10/28/how-fashion-retailer-burberry-keeps- customers-coming-back-for-more/ • Youtube • Professor Saghafi’s blog https://sites.google.com/site/professorlilisaghafi/ • TED Talks • TEDXtalks • http://www.slideshare.net/lsaghafi/ • Timo Elliot • https://sites.google.com/site/psuircb/ • http://fortune.com/ • Theoretical Physicists John Preskill and Spiros Michalakis • Institute for Quantum Computing https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/ • quantum physics realisation Data-Burger, scientific advisor: J. Bobroff, with the support of : Univ. Paris Sud, SFP, Triangle de la Physique, PALM, Sciences à l'Ecole, ICAM-I2CAM • Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) http://www.mpg.de/institutes • D-Wave Systems 67