R by NS
- 1. Chapter 18Natalie SteeleThe Rhetoric
- 2. What is the Rhetoric?Written 2,500 years agoStill to this day relates to many different fieldsWritten by AristotleExplains the dynamics of pubic speakingConsists of three booksPublic SpeakersAudienceSpeech
- 3. AristotleProtégé of PlatoDiffered in world viewPlato= absolute truths, Aristotle= here and nowAlso, differed from SophistsDecided to write the RhetoricWell rounded approach to speech makingDefinition: the available means of persuasion
- 4. Effective public speakers must consider their audienceEffective public speakers must use a number of proofs in their presentationAssumptions of the Rhetoric
- 5. Key idea: Communication is a transactional process.Think about audience’s collective motivations, decisions and choices (audience analysis).Age, sex, education level etc.Why is this a good idea?Why wouldn’t this work?Effective Public Speakers Must Consider Their Audience
- 6. Activity #1 What changes would you make in your presentation to considering the audience in regards to age?
- 7. Effective public speakers must consider their audienceEffective public speakers must use a number of proofs in their presentationAssumptions of the Rhetoric
- 8. Effective Speakers Must Use a Number of Proofs in Their PresentationsThree proofs exist:Ethos PathosLogos
- 9. Definition: Perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker.Mutual influence between audience and speakerDown to earth application: Through speech, the speaker proves him or herself to be trustworthy and credible.Aristotle thought ethos “can be trained and made habitual”.Ethos
- 10. Definition: Emotional ProofDrawn from audience membersDown to earth application: Messages are more effective when the integration of appropriate congruent emotions are included.Makes the audience more receptive.Pathos
- 11. Definition: Logical proof; arguments and rationalizations.Down to earth application: Statistics, facts, and compelling information. Also, realistic statements that are clear and straightforward. SyllogismsDefinition: Set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from major and minor premisesTwo premises and a conclusionGroup of statements that lead to another group of statementsLogos
- 12. Syllogisms continuedFormula:If all a are bAnd all b are cThen all a are cAre useful because they have potential to make audience identify moreCan backfire if not utilized effectively
- 13. Cannons of RhetoricInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryInventionConstruction/ Development of argument.“Stockpile of information”Topics= mode of reasoning and arguments usedCivic spaces= defining the parameters and limitations of your speech, “location”.Defining terms, as well.
- 14. Cannons of RhetoricInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryArrangementOrganizing the speechSpeech structureIntroduction, Body Conclusion.SimplicityBenefitsHelps keep audience attentive and on trackMore persuasive
- 15. Cannons of RhetoricInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryStyleUse of language.Word choice, word imagery and word appropriateness.Avoid= GlossesUse= MetaphorsBridges gaps of familiar and unfamiliar words.
- 16. Cannons of RhetoricInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryMemoryStoring information in the speaker’s mindBe comfortable with the information that you are going to present.Benefits:More convictionMore fluidity to presentationMore credibility
- 17. Cannons of RhetoricInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryDeliveryPresentation of speechKnowing what to say and when to say itEye contact, body language, vocal pitch and speed etc.Should be naturalNot easy to teachNo distractions
- 18. Types of RhetoricForensicEstablishing FactEpideicticRelated to praise or blameDeliberativeDetermine course of action
- 19. Forensic RhetoricTime Period: PastIntent: To describe guilt or innocenceCommonly used in: CourtroomsEssential Element: Character (status and morality)Forensic speaker needs to establish motivation for action (“moral habits”).
- 20. Epideictic RhetoricTime Period: PresentIntent: Praise or blameCommonly used in: Ceremonies, FuneralsEssential Element: Character (Ethos)Important to understand need for praise
- 21. Deliberative Rhetoric*Time Period: FutureIntent: To inspire, motivate or direct audienceCommonly used in: Persuasion-oriented situationsEssential Element:Knowing subject and elements that support persuasive attempts.
- 22. Communication Tradition: Rhetorical, Socio-PsychologicalCommunication Context: Public/ Rhetorical, Small Group, Organizational, InterpersonalApproach to Knowing: Positivistic/ Empirical, Interpretive/ HermeneuticGenerality: Grand theoryIntegration
- 23. To teach all people how to effectively communicate by outlying necessary steps of the process that are implemented effectively through the elucidation of distinct types of persuasion situations that require specific tactics to be employed.Goal
- 24. Scope: WideLogical consistency: QuestionedThought to be unorganized and ambiguous towards audience.I think in context, it is logical.Parsimony: Simple to understand, but challenging to perfect in the real world.Utility: Highly useful!Heurism: Highly heuristicTest of Time: Still going strong 2,500 years later Critique
- 25. In Aristotle’s time, there was no question that public speaking would take place in an interpersonal, or public setting.Now with technology, this option has changed.People communicate rhetoric and public speaking through skype, conference calls and other forms of technology.What are the benefits and what are the factors that detract from how technology has impacted rhetoric?Which method do you find most appealing and more appropriate?Discussion
- 26. I belong to a club called LDPEvery meeting, it is a tradition that one member is randomly selected to do a two minute speech in front of the entire clubA couple of weeks ago, I was selected.At first I felt nervous because I didn’t know what to say.I knew I had to think quickly so I decided to do a topic that was close to heart.My Experience
- 27. My Experience ContinuedI am the formal chair and had been planning an off-campus formal.We needed 50 people to attend and only 12 people paid by the time it was a week before the due date.This was the perfect opportunity to persuade people to come!
- 28. Before I started speaking, I considered the audience.LDP members love inspirational quotes, so I started off my speech with one.Also, I knew that everyone in the room was an college student that believes in what LDP stands for.During my speech, I used specific references and examples that were relatable to my audienceBeing college students, I talked about close to home aspects throughout my speech(pathos)How my quote relates to life, how time flies, how you have to take advantage of every opportunity and how we all work so hard and deserve to have fun.Assumptions I Utilized
- 29. I also talked about how hard my committee worked, how much time we put in, how specialized the formal was to LDP and how much better it would be than the one we had in the fall (ethos).In addition, I mentioned what a good deal the ticket prices were compared to other formals and how much money we raised to lower the ticket prices. I also mentioned how rare of an opportunity this was and how much they would miss out if they chose not to come. I mentioned all the features of the formal, as well (logos)Assumptions I Utilized continued
- 30. Invention: I quickly thought about what I wanted to talk about and I chose the topic of Formal.Arrangement: I knew it was important to captivate my audience’s attention, so I started off with a quote. Then instead of confusing the audience by jumping into something else, I explained the quote and began talking about the close to home points I had. Then I chose to incorporate Formal information, as a way to counteract the close to home points I described. Finally I closed by telling the group that they deserved it and that they would miss out if they didn’t come.My use of the 5 Cannons in 2 Minutes
- 31. Style: I chose to be inspirational and informative, rather than condescending or authoritative; I knew that would not be effective.Memory: I felt very comfortable with the information, even though I was under the element of surprise.Delivery: I kept my body language simple, but centered; I used it to emphasize my points. I also tried to make eye contact with every single person in the room. In addition, I spoke as quickly as I could without sacrificing clarity.5 Cannons Continued
- 32. Type of Rhetoric: DeliberativeI was trying to get my fellow members to try to participate in a fun event.Very audience oriented speech.Success:I motivated 18 more people to buy tickets within a week.Then we had 10 people who were going to pay. We still didn’t have enough people though, so formal had to be cancelled .My speech was effective, but not to the scale that I desired.Overall