Radar Engineering Educational Slides Design
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Radar Engineering Educational Slides Design
Radar Engineering Educational Slides Design
- 1. MARITIME NAVIGATION MARITIME NAVIGATION Radar Radar Vladimir LEBEDEV Senior Technical Officer MARITIME SAFETY DIVISION
- 2. History… History… • New technologies of Radar become available to Merchant Shipping with the end of hostilities in 1945 • Radar on Merchant Ships was initially installed for commercial purposes – on ferries to maintain better schedules in fog; and – large fishing vessels • Radar was treated with great suspicion by the mariners…
- 3. History… History… • With improving technology and after some time the use of Radar for safety purposes was recognized • Misinterpretation of Radar information had not resulted in any reduction of the number of serious collisions at sea
- 4. History… History… • International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea in 1960 revised the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea by adding rules to take account of the use of Radar and recommendations on the use of Radar information as an aid to avoiding collisions at sea
- 5. History… History… • The International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea in 1974 adopted provisions to the SOLAS Convention making Radar a mandatory carriage requirement for Merchant Ships in a phased programme starting in 1980, which finally completed in 2002
- 6. SOLAS requirements… SOLAS requirements… • All Merchant Ships of 300 gross tonnage and over now shall carry a Radar and many carry two • IMO adopted performance standards for marine Radars, which are used in connection/integration with other navigational equipment required to carry on board ships such as,
- 7. SOLAS requirements… SOLAS requirements… - an automated target tracking aid - ARPA - AIS - ECDIS - GNSS - others
- 8. NON-SOLAS ships NON-SOLAS ships • Many small craft (millions?) also carry Radar voluntary as manufacturers have produced cost effective designs for their needs
- 9. The Shipmaster’s Point of View The Shipmaster’s Point of View • The Key Facts are: – That Radar remains (and will remain) the primary system for Collision Avoidance; and – Radar is a very important tool for Navigation
- 10. Why is Radar such a valuable Why is Radar such a valuable tool? tool? • The Master and watch-keepers have Confidence in information Radar provides because: – It’s operation is Ship based – It’s not reliant on third party sources – It has a proven track record – Radar is useful with SARTs when engaged in search and rescue
- 11. In Short… In Short… • In its display, Radar offers the watch- keepers the basic reality of all targets relative to the ship • It therefore aids the watch-keepers and helps in decision making for both – Navigation; and – Collision Avoidance
- 12. COLLISION AVOIDANCE COLLISION AVOIDANCE • Early action is required to avoid a close quarters situation, therefore early identification of closing targets is essential • Watch-keeping officers need to be competent in the use of Radar and are trained in its use and the application of ARPA
- 13. Some IMO requirements… Some IMO requirements… • Maximum emergency stopping distance from full speed of the ship should not be more that 15 ships lengths • Emergency turn radius of the ship should not be more that 2.5 ships length
- 14. Ship parameters… Ship parameters… • Speed – up to 25 knots • Length – Largest container ship 335 m – Capesize bulker 300 m – Panamax 220-230 m
- 15. Ship parameters… Ship parameters… • Emergency stopping distance 3.3 km – 5 km (1.8 nm – 2.7 nm) • Emergency turning radius 550 m – 840 m (0.3 nm – 0.45 nm) • Displacement weights 100 000 – 250 000 tonnes
- 16. Practical requirements Practical requirements • To start plotting targets and determining their course and speed when the target is between 8 and 10 nautical miles off
- 17. NAVIGATION NAVIGATION • Radar gives accurate information on distance from charted features and assists in maintaining the ship’s course • Radar will normally show a 60 metre high land mass at a range of 20 miles. This is considered by seafarers as a minimum requirement
- 20. Res. MSC. 192(79) Res. MSC. 192(79) Target Description Target Feature Detection Range in NM6 Target description5 Height above sea level in metres X-Band NM S-Band NM Shorelines Rising to 60 20 20 Shorelines Rising to 6 8 8 Shorelines Rising to 3 6 6 SOLAS ships (>5,000 gross tonnage) 10 11 11 SOLAS ships (>500 gross tonnage) 5.0 8 8 Small vessel with radar reflector meeting IMO Performance Standards1 4.0 5.0 3.7 Navigation buoy with corner reflector2 3.5 4.9 3.6 Typical Navigation buoy3 3.5 4.6 3.0 Small vessel of length 10 m with no radar reflector4 2.0 3.4 3.0
- 21. Discrimination of targets from Discrimination of targets from a watch-keepers perspective a watch-keepers perspective • To be able to distinguish a tug from its tow at sea at 12 miles range • Approaching a rig on a supply vessel: • To clearly identify the standby boat from the rig at 6 miles range • To be able to distinguish the anchor pennant buoys of a semi submersible rig at 3 miles range
- 25. Res. MSC.192(79) Res. MSC.192(79) • 5.5.1 Range – The radar system should be capable of displaying two point targets on the same bearing, separated by 40 m in range, as to distinct objects. • 5.5.2 Bearing – The radar system should be capable of displaying two point targets on the same range, separated by 2.5° in bearing, as to distinct objects.
- 28. NAVIGATION NAVIGATION • Radar greatly assists navigation during poor visibility • Pilots rely on Radar at close range in reduced visibility to pass buoys and beacons.
- 33. Res.MSC.192(79) Res.MSC.192(79) • 5.4 Minimum Range 5.4.1 With own ship at zero speed, an antenna height of 15 m above the sea level and in calm conditions, the navigational buoy in Table 2 should be detected at a minimum horizontal range of 40 m from the antenna position and up to a range of 1 NM, without changing the setting of control functions other than the range scale selector.
- 34. In engineering terms In engineering terms • Res. ITU-R M.1313 • Power 30-70 kW • Horizontal Beamwidth 0.75 – 4 degrees • Pulse width 0.03 – 1.2 microsec • PRF 4000 – 375 Hz • Noise figure 3 – 8 dB
- 35. Antennae Antennae • Pitch 3 degrees • Roll 25 degrees • Yaw 5 degrees • So vertical beamwidth 20 – 30 degrees
- 37. WP 8B Report Nov 03 WP 8B Report Nov 03 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 ENG OB interference 64 QAM Pulsed interference 1 us 0.1% dc Pulsed interference 2 us 0.1% dc Pulsed interference 1 us 1% dc Pulsed interference 2 us 1% dc ENG OB interference 16 QAM CDMA 2000 interference CDMA wideband interference Baseline = 0.93 +/-0.016 I/N ratio of interference, dB Probability of detection Radar B
- 38. WP 8B 2001 WP 8B 2001
- 39. WP 8B 2001 WP 8B 2001
Editor's Notes
- #1: Hello Personal introduction. This presentation will address: the background to the IMO position on maritime security The measures required by SOLAS and the ISPS Code The responsibilities of governments, ports and companies Some implementation strategies