rajeshppt-131201015607-phpapp02.pdf
- 1. Pathophysiology Of Congestive Heart Failure M. Rajesh Kumar
- 2. Contents • Definition • Types • Etiology • Epidemiology • Risk Factors • Pathophysiology • Signs and symptoms • Complications • Diagnosis • Treatment • Patient counseling
- 3. Definition HF is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. Congestive Heart Failure describes a condition where the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump as strongly as before.
- 4. Heart Failure • This means less oxygen is reaching the organs and muscles which can make feel tired and short of breath. • CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE – refers to the state in which abnormal circulatory congestion exists a result of heart failure
- 5. Types of Heart Failure • Low-Output Heart Failure • Systolic Heart Failure: • decreased cardiac output • Decreased Left ventricular ejection fraction • Diastolic Heart Failure: • Elevated Left and Right ventricular end-diastolic pressures • May have normal Left ventricular ejection fraction • High-Output Heart Failure • Seen with peripheral shunting, low-systemic vascular resistance, hyperthyroidism, beriberi, carcinoid, anemia • Often have normal cardiac output • Right-VentricularFailure
- 6. Types of Heart Failure • Systolic Dysfunction • Coronary Artery Disease • Hypertension • Valvular Heart Disease • Diastolic Dysfunction • Hypertension • Coronary artery disease • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HCM) • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- 7. Etiology • Heart failure is caused by systemic hypertension in 75% of cases. • Structural heart changes, such as valvular dysfunction, cause pressure or volume overload on the heart. • Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet tissues O2 requirements • Congenital heart defects • Severe lung disease • Diabetes • Severe anemia • Overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) • Abnormal heart rhythms
- 8. Etiology • Increase in Pulmonary pressure results fluid in alveoli (PULMONARY EDEMA) • Increase in Systemic pressure results in fluid in tissues (PERIPHERAL EDEMA) Health conditions that either damage the heart or make it work too hard Coronary artery disease Heart attack Heart muscle diseases (cardiomyopathy) Heart inflammation (myocarditis)
- 9. Epidemiology • Five millions Americans have CHF • 550,000 New cases every year • 800,000 Patients with CHF hospitalized every year • 250,000 die every year • 50% Patients die with in five years • 150% increase in the last 20 year • 2.6% total population has this disease • Incidence and associated morbidity and mortality is expected to increase in future
- 10. RiskFactors • Hypotension • Fluid retention & worsening CHF • Bradycardia & heart block • Contraindication in pts with CHF exacerbation
- 11. Pathophysiology • In order to maintain normal cardiac output, several compensatory mechanisms play a role as under: Compensatory enlargement in the form of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dilatation, or both. • Tachycardia (i. e . incre ase d he art rate ) due to activatio n o f neurohumoral system e.g. release of norepinephrine and atrial natrouretic peptide, activation of renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism.
- 12. Pathophysiology • STARLING’S LAW Within limits, the force of ventricular contraction is a function of the end-diastolic length of the cardiac muscle, which in turn is closely related to the ventricular end-diastolic volume. • This is achieved by increasing the length of sarcomeres in dilated heart • Increases the myocardial contractility and thereby attempts to maintain stroke volume.
- 13. Pathophysiology • Heart failure results in DEPRESSION of the ventricular function curve • COMPENSATION in the form of stretching of myocardial fibers results • Stretching leads to cardiac dilatation which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject its normal end diastolic volume
- 14. Compensatory Mechanisms • Sympathetic nervous system stimulation • Renin-angiotensin system activation • Myocardial hypertrophy • Altered cardiac Rhythm
- 15. Pathophysiology
- 16. Pathophysiology Renin + Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Peripheral Vasoconstriction ↑ Afterload ↓ Cardiac Output Heart Failure Heart Failure ↑ Cardiac Workload ↑ Preload ↑ Plasma Volume Salt & Water Retention Edema Aldosterone Secretion Renin-angiotensin system
- 18. Signs and symptoms of CHF • Shortness of breath often with activities or while lying flat • Weakness and fatigue • Awakening short of breath at night • Need for increased pillows at night – helps lungs drain of excess fluid • Coughing or wheezing • Swelling of feet and legs or other “dependent” areas • Anorexia/loss of appetite • Weight gain
- 19. Symptoms of HF • Fatigue • Activity decrease • Cough (especially supine) • Edema • Shortness of breath
- 20. Complications • Cardiac arrhythmia • Hypotension • N/V • Amrinone………. Thrombocytopenia, liver enzyme • Milirinone…….. Bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity
- 21. Complications GI • N/V, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation Neurologic • Headache, fatigue, insomnia, vertigo Visual • Color vision (green or yellow), colored halos around the subject Miscellaneous • Allergic, thrombocytopenia, necrosis
- 22. Complications Heart • SA and AV node suppression • AV block • Atrial arrhythmia • Ventricular arrhythmia
- 23. Diagnosis • Electrocardiogram (ECG, “EKG”) • Chest x-ray • Echocardiography (“Echo”) • Heart catheterization • Stress test • Blood tests
- 24. Chest x-ray
- 25. DIE TApproach W ith Heart Failure • Diagnose – Etiology – Severity (LV dysfunction) • Initiate – Diuretic/ACE inhibitor β-blocker – Spirololactone – Digoxin • E ducate – Diet – Exercise – Lifestyle – CV Risk • Titrate – Optimize ACE inhibitor – Optimize β- blocker
- 26. Treatment (Medication) • ACE Inhibitors • Diuretics • Inotropic Agents • Beta Blockers • Calcium Channel Blockers
- 27. DRUGS USEDTO TREAT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE -CAPTOPRIL -ENALAPRIL -FOSINOPRIL -LISINOPRIL -QUINAPRIL -HYDRALAZINE -ISOSORBIDE -MINOXIDIL -SODIUM NIITROPRUSSIDE DIURETICS -BUMETANIDE -FUROSEMIDE -HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE -METALAZONE INOTROPIC AGENTS -DIGOXIN -DIGITOXIN -DOBUTAMINE -AMRINONE -MILRINONE VASODILATORS
- 28. DRUGS USEDTO TREAT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE • Metoprolol • Carvidilol • Bisoprolol • Nifedipine • Diltiazem • Verapamil • Amlodipine • Felodipine Calcium channel blockers Beta blocker
- 29. BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUG USED IN CONGESIVE HEART FAILURE: DIGITALIS DIGOX IN DIGITOX IN • LIPID SOLUBILITY MEDIUM HIGH • ORAL AVAILABILITY 75% >90% • HALF-LIFE 40 HRS 168 HRS • PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING 20-40 HRS >90 HRS • PERCENTAGE METABOLIZED <20 >80 • VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION 6.3 L/KG 0.6 L/KG
- 30. Treating Congestive Heart failure • Upright position • Nitrates • Lasix • Oxygen • ACE inhibitors • Digoxin • Fluids(decrease) • After load (decrease) • Sodium retention • Test (Dig level, ABG’s, Potassium level)
- 31. Patient counseling • Lifestyle changes • Monitoring for changes • Medications • Surgery
- 32. Lifestyle changes • Stop smoking • Loose weight • Avoid or limit alcohol • Avoid or limit caffeine • Eat a low-fat, low-sodium diet • Exercise Patient counseling
- 33. Patient counseling • Reduce stress • Keep track of symptoms and weight and report any changes or concern to the doctor • Limit fluid intake • See the doctor more frequently
- 34. Conclusion “PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE”. • Newer device therapies are showing promise for symptom relief and improved survival – Biventricular pacing. • Transplants remain rare, but technology for mechanical assist devices continues to improve- stay tuned.
- 35. References • A TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY by HARSH MOHAN 6th edition. • ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY by KD TRIPATI 6th edition. • DIPIRO PHARMACOTHERAPY 8th edition. • http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=congestive %20heart%20failure&gbv=2&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi • http://www.google.co.in/search? q=congestive+heart+failure+x+ray&um=1&hl=en&gbv=2&tb m=isch&ei=-Pt1Uu6vK8GKrQeoiYHIAQ&start=20&sa=N
- 36. Thank you……