rdbms parul university oracle dbms bca mca

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Parul Institute of Technology
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Course: B.Tech – CSE
Subject: Database Management System

• DDL : Data Definition Language
• DQL : Data Query Language
• DML : Data Manipulation Language
• DCL : Data Control Language
• WHERE and LIKE
• Aggregate Functions
• Logical Operators: AND, OR
• BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN
• UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS
• Date Functions
• Character Functions
• Arithmetic Functions
:Overview:

DDL : Data Definition Language
• DDL is a set of SQL commands used to create, modify and
delete database structures but not data.
• List of DDL Commands:
1. CREATE : It is used to create a new table in database.
2. ALTER : It is used to change the structure or definition of a
created table. We can add, remove or change the
particular column name using ALTER. We can change table
name also.

CREATE Command
• Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(column1_name data type for column1,
column2_name data type for column2,
…
columnN_name data type for column N);
• Example:
CREATE TABLE student
(Enrollment Number int,
Name varchar,
Contact Number varchar,
City varchar);
Output: This will create a table having
four columns.

ALTER Command for adding column
• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD
…
columnN_name data type for columnN ;
• Example:
ALTER TABLE Student
ADD
Email ID varchar;
Output: This will add a new column
named ‘Email ID’ into created table
‘Student’. Now this table contains five
columns.

ALTER Command for deleting column
• Syntax:
DROP
…
columnN_name data type for columnN ;
• Example:
ALTER TABLE Student
DROP
Email ID varchar;
Output: This will remove a new column
named ‘Email ID’ from created table
‘Student’. Now this table contains four
columns.

ALTER Command for renaming column
• Syntax:
RENAME COLUMN existing name TO new
name;
• Example:
ALTER TABLE Student
RENAME COLUMN Enrollment Number TO
EnNo;
Output: This will rename a new column
named ‘Enrollment Number’. New name
of this particular name will be ‘EnNO’.

ALTER Command for renaming table
• Syntax:
RENAME new name of existing table;
• Example:
ALTER TABLE Student
RENAME Student1;
Output: This will rename existing table as
‘Student1’.

DQL : Data Query Language
• DQL is a SQL command used to fetch required data from the
database.
• SELECT is a DQL command.

SELECT Command for fetching all columns
• Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
• Example:
SELECT * FROM Student;
Output: This will show entire Student
table.

SELECT Command for fetching selected columns
• Syntax:
SELECT
column_name 1,
column_name 2,
…
column_name n
FROM table_name;
• Example:
SELECT Name, City FROM Student;
Output: This will show only two columns
of Student table.

DML : Data Manipulation Language
• DML is a set of SQL commands used to manipulate data.
• List of DML Commands:
1. INSERT : It is used to insert values into a created table in
database.
2. UPDATE : It is used to change the values in a created table.
3. DELETE : It is used to remove the records or values from
the table.

INSERT Command
• Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES
(value 1, value 2, … value N);
• Example:
INSERT INTO Student VALUES
(1, ‘Aakash’,’Shah’,
20,’aakashshah@gmail.com’),
(2, ‘Sagar’,’Patel’,
21,’sagarpatel@gmail.com’);
Output: This will insert two rows into the
created Student table.

UPDATE Command
• Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET
column1_name=value1,
column2_name=value2,
…
columnn_name=valuen
WHERE condition;
• Example:
UPDATE Student
SET
City=‘Vadodara’
WHERE Enrollment Number=1;
Output: This will update city’s name
‘Vadodara’ for the particular record
having Enrollment Number 1.

DELETE Command
• Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
• Example:
DELETE FROM Student
WHERE Enrollment Number=1;
Output: This will delete the particular row
having record having Enrollment Number
1.

DCL : Data Control Language
• DCL is a set of SQL commands used to control the access
data stored in a database.
• List of DML Commands:
1. GRANT :
2. REVOKE:

How to create a User?
• Syntax:
CREATE USER user_name
WITH PASSWORD ‘password_value’ | VALID UNTIL ‘expiration’;
• Examples:
CREATE USER abc
WITH PASSWORD ‘abc1234’ | VALID UNTIL ‘Jan 1, 2020’;
CREATE USER def
WITH PASSWORD ‘def1234’ | VALID UNTIL ‘infinity’;

How to delete a User?
• Syntax:
DROP USER user_name;
• Example:
DROP USER abc;

• Syntax:
ALTER USER user_name TO new_name;
• Examples:
ALTER USER abc TO abc1;
How to rename a User?

GRANT
• Syntax:
GRANT privileges ON table_name TO user;
• Examples:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Student TO abc;
User “abc” can perform select, insert, update and delete on the table “Student”.
GRANT ALL ON Student TO def;
User “def” can perform all operations on the table “Student”.
GRANT SELECT ON Student TO PUBLIC;
Any user can perform only select operations on the table “Student”.

REVOKE
• Syntax:
REVOKE privileges ON table_name FROM user;
• Examples:
REVOKE ALL ON Student FROM abc;
Permissions are taken back from user “abc”.

WHERE
• The WHERE predicate is used for filter the records.
• It is used to extract only those records that fulfil a specified
condition.
• Syntax:
SELECT
column1_name, column2_name, … columnN_name
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

• Examples:
1. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age<20;
2. SELECT First_Name, Last_Name FROM student WHERE
age<20;
3. SELECT First_Name, Last_Name FROM student WHERE
city=‘Baroda’;
WHERE

• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE predicate to search for a specified pattern
in a column.
• There are two wildcards often used with LIKE: % and _
1. A% means string starts with A. Example: AB or ABC or ABCDE.
2. %A means any string that ends with A. Example: BA or CBA.
3. A%B means string starts with A but ends with B. Example: ACGB or ADB.
4. AB_C means string starts with AB then there is any one character and at last there is C.
5. A_C means string starts with A then there is any one character and at last there is C.
6. A_ means string starts with A then there is any one character at the end.
LIKE

• Syntax:
SELECT
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
LIKE pattern;
LIKE

• Examples:
1. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age<20 LIKE ‘P%’;
2. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age>25 LIKE ‘M%’;
3. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age>25 LIKE ‘P%K’;
4. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age>25 LIKE ‘%K’;
5. SELECT First_Name FROM student WHERE age>25 LIKE ‘_A%’;
LIKE

• The aggregate function simply refers to the calculations performed on
a data set to get a single number.
• Some common aggregate functions include:
1. COUNT
2. SUM
3. AVG
4. MIN
5. MAX
Aggregate Functions
Consider the following table. We will perform functions on this table.

COUNT Function
• Syntax:
SELECT COUNT (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIKE pattern;
• Examples:
1. SELECT COUNT (first_name) FROM customers WHERE age<25;
Output: 2
2. SELECT COUNT (first_name) FROM customers WHERE first_name LIKE ‘J%’;
Output: 2
3. SELECT COUNT (customer_id) FROM customers;
Output: 5
4. SELECT COUNT (customer_id) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 2

SUM Function
• Syntax:
SELECT SUM (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIKE pattern;
• Examples:
1. SELECT SUM (age) FROM customers WHERE age<25;
Output: 44
2. SELECT SUM (age) FROM customers WHERE first_name LIKE ‘J%’;
Output: 56
3. SELECT SUM (customer_id) FROM customers;
Output: 15
4. SELECT SUM (age) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 53

AVG Function
• Syntax:
SELECT AVG (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIKE pattern;
• Examples:
1. SELECT AVG (age) FROM customers WHERE age<25;
Output: 25.6
2. SELECT AVG (age) FROM customers WHERE first_name LIKE ‘J%’;
Output: 28
3. SELECT AVG (customer_id) FROM customers;
Output: 3
4. SELECT AVG (age) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 26.5
5. SELECT AVG (age*10) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 265

MIN Function
• Syntax:
SELECT MIN (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIKE pattern;
• Examples:
1. SELECT MIN (age) FROM customers;
Output: 22
2. SELECT MIN (age) FROM customers WHERE first_name LIKE ‘J%’;
Output: 25
3. SELECT MIN (customer_id) FROM customers;
Output: 1
4. SELECT MIN (age) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 22

MAX Function
• Syntax:
SELECT MAX (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIKE pattern;
• Examples:
1. SELECT MAX (age) FROM customers;
Output: 28
2. SELECT MAX (age) FROM customers WHERE first_name LIKE ‘J%’;
Output: 31
3. SELECT MAX (customer_id) FROM customers;
Output: 5
4. SELECT MAX (age) FROM customers WHERE country= ‘USA’;
Output: 31

• Logical operators are used along with the different
conditions. AND and OR are logical operators.
Logical Operators
Consider the following table. We will perform functions on this table.

• Examples:
1. SELECT * FROM customers WHERE age=22 AND
first_name=‘David’;
2. SELECT * FROM customers WHERE age=22 OR
first_name=‘David’;
3. SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country=‘UK’ AND
(age=22 OR first_name=‘David’);
Logical Operators

BETWEEN
• The SQL BETWEEN condition allows you to easily test if an expression is within a range of inclusive values.
• The values can be text, date, or numbers. It can be used in a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement.
• Syntax:
SELECT
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
• It will return the records where the expression is within the range of value1 and value2.

BETWEEN
• Example 1:
SELECT * FROM customers
WHERE age
BETWEEN 25 AND 30;
• Example 2:
WHERE age
NOT BETWEEN 25 AND 30;

IN and NOT IN
• IN operator allows you to easily test if the expression matches any value in the list of values.
• It is used to remove the need for multiple OR conditions in SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.
• You can also use NOT IN to exclude the rows in your list.
• Syntax:
SELECT
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
IN (value1, value2, …, value n);

IN and NOT IN
• Example 1:
WHERE age IN (22,28);
• Example 2:
WHERE age NOT IN (22,28);

UNION
Consider the following tables. We will perform union operation on these tables.

UNION
SELECT Name FROM Teachers
UNION
SELECT Name FROM Students;
Output

UNION
SELECT * FROM Teachers
UNION
SELECT * FROM Students;
Output

INTERSECTION
Consider the following tables. We will perform intersection operation on these tables.

INTERSECTION
SELECT customer_id FROM Customers
INTERSECT
SELECT customer_id FROM Orders; Output

MINUS
Consider the following tables. We will perform minus operation on these tables.

MINUS
SELECT customer_id FROM Customers
MINUS
SELECT customer_id FROM Orders; Output

1. SELECT Current_date;
This command will show date in form of YYYY-MM-DD.
2. SELECT Current_time;
This command will show current time.
3. SELECT Current_timestamp;
This command will show current time and date.
Date Functions

1. Select lower('ABC’);
2. Select upper('abc’);
3. Select lower(upper('abc'));
4. Select upper(lower('ABC’));
5. Select length(‘Hello Good Morning’);
Character Functions
Output

Arithmetic Functions
Consider the following table for arithmetic operations.

Select customer_id, first_name, age+10 AS "age+10" from Customers;
Addition

Select customer_id, first_name, age-10 AS "age-10" from Customers;
Subtraction

Select customer_id, first_name, age*10 AS "age*10" from Customers;
Multiplication

Select customer_id, first_name, age/10 AS "age/10" from Customers;
Division

Select customer_id, first_name, age%10 AS "age%10" from Customers;
Modulus

4. Round function:
Select ROUND (213.456, 2);
Output => 213.46
Select ROUND (213.456, 1);
Output => 213.5
Some other functions
1. PI function:
Select PI ();
Output => 3.141592653589793
2. SQRT function:
Select SQRT (100);
Output => 10
3. SQUARE function:
Select SQUARE (5);
Output => 25
5. CEIL function:
Select ceil(23.34);
Output => 24
6. FLOOR function:
Select floor(23.34);
Output => 23
7. POWER function:
Select power(2,3);
Output => 8

rdbms parul university oracle dbms bca mca

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