Recent Advances In Document Recognition And Understanding M Mori
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- 5. RECENT ADVANCES IN DOCUMENT RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING Edited by Minoru Mori
- 6. Recent Advances in Document Recognition and Understanding Edited by Minoru Mori Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Olaru Radian-Alexandru, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Recent Advances in Document Recognition and Understanding, Edited by Minoru Mori p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-320-0
- 7. free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com
- 9. Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Statistical Deformation Model for Handwritten Character Recognition 1 Seiichi Uchida Chapter 2 Character Recognition with Metasets 15 Bartłomiej Starosta Chapter 3 Recognition of Tifinaghe Characters Using Dynamic Programming & Neural Network 35 Rachid El Ayachi, Mohamed Fakir and Belaid Bouikhalene Chapter 4 Character Degradation Model and HMM Word Recognition System for Text Extracted from Maps 53 Aria Pezeshk and Richard L. Tutwiler Chapter 5 Grid’5000 Based Large Scale OCR Using the DTW Algorithm: Case of the Arabic Cursive Writing 73 Mohamed Labidi, Maher Khemakhem and Mohamed Jemni Chapter 6 Application of Gaussian-Hermite Moments in License 85 Lin Wang, Xinggu Pan, ZiZhong Niu and Xiaojuan Ma
- 11. Preface In the field of document recognition and understanding, whereas scanned paper documents were previously the only recognition target, various new media such as camera-captured documents, videos, and natural scene images have recently started to attract attention because of the growth of the Internet/WWW and the rapid adoption of low-priced digital cameras/videos. The keys to the breakthrough include character detection from complex backgrounds, discrimination of characters from non- characters, modern or ancient unique font recognition, fast retrieval technique from large-scaled scanned documents, multi-lingual OCR, and unconstrained handwriting recognition. This book aims to present recent advances, applications, and new ideas that are relevant to document recognition and understanding, from technical topics such as image processing, feature extraction or classification, to new applications like camera-based recognition or character-based natural scene analysis. The goal of this book is to provide a new trend and a reference source for academic research and for professionals working in the document recognition and understanding field. Minoru Mori NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corp., Japan
- 13. 0 Statistical Deformation Model for Handwritten Character Recognition Seiichi Uchida Kyushu University Japan 1. Introduction One of the main problems of offline and online handwritten character recognition is how to deal with the deformations in characters. A promising strategy to this problem is the incorporation of a deformation model. If recognition can be done with a reasonable deformation model, it may become tolerant to deformations within each character category. There have been proposed many deformation models and some of them were designed in an empirical manner. Recognition methods based on elastic matching have often relied on a continuous and monotonic deformation model (Bahlmann & Burkhardt, 2004; Burr, 1983; Connell & Jain, 2001; Fujimoto et al., 1976; Yoshida & Sakoe, 1982). This is a typical empirical model and has been developed according to the observation that character patterns often preserve their topologies. Affine deformation models (Wakahara, 1994; Wakahara & Odaka, 1997; Wakahara et al., 2001) and local perturbation models (or image distortion models (Keysers et al., 2004)) are also popular empirical deformation models. While the empirical models generally work well in handwritten character recognition tasks, they are not well-grounded by actual deformations of handwritten characters. In addition, the empirical models are just approximations of actual deformations and they cannot incorporate category-dependent deformation characteristics. In fact, the category-dependent deformation characteristics exist. For example, in category “M”, two parallel vertical strokes are often slanted to be closer. In contrast, in category “H”, however, the same deformation is rarely observed. Statistical models are better alternatives to the empirical models. The statistical models learn deformation characteristics from actual character patterns. Thus, if a model learns the deformations of a certain category, it can represent the category-dependent deformation characteristics. Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a popular statistical model for handwritten characters (e.g., (Cho et al., 1995; Hu et al., 1996; Kuo & Agazzi, 1994; Nag et al., 1986; Nakai et al., 2001; Park & Lee, 1998)). HMM has not only a solid stochastic background and but also a well-established learning scheme. HMM, however, has a limitation on regulating global deformation characteristics; that is, HMM can regulate local deformations of neighboring regions due to its Markovian property. This chapter is concerned with another statistical deformation model of offline and online handwritten characters. This deformation model is based on a combination of elastic matching and principal component analysis (PCA) and also capable of learning actual deformations of 1
- 14. 2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH x y i j R ={ri,j } E={ex,y } 2D-2D mapping F (2D warping) (x, y) ... ... (i, j) Fig. 1. Elastic matching between two character images. handwritten characters. Different from HMM, this deformation model can regulate not only local deformations but also global deformations. In the following, the contributions of this chapter are summarized. 1.1 Contributions of this chapter The first contribution of this chapter is to introduce a statistical deformation model for offline handwritten character recognition. The model is realized by two steps. The first step is the automatic extraction of the deformations of character images by elastic matching. Elastic matching is formulated as an optimization problem of the pixel-to-pixel correspondence between two image patterns. Since the resulting pixel-to-pixel correspondence represents the displacement of individual pixels, i.e., the deformation of one character image from another. The second step is statistical analysis of the extracted deformations by PCA. The resulting principal components, called eigen-deformations, represent intrinsic deformations of handwritten characters. The second contribution is to introduce a statistical deformation model for online handwritten character recognition. While the discussion is similar to the above offline case, it is different in several points. For example, deformations often appear as the difference in pattern length. Consequently, online handwritten character patterns have rarely been handled in a PCA-based statistical analysis framework, which assumes the same dimensionality of subjected patterns. In addition, online handwritten character patterns often undergo heavy nonlinear temporal/spatial fluctuation. Elastic matching to extract the relative deformation between two patterns solves these problems and helps to establish a statistical deformation model. 2. Statistical deformation model of offline handwritten character recognition 2.1 Extraction of deformations by elastic matching The first step for statistical deformation analysis of handwritten character images is the extraction of deformations of actual handwritten character images and it can be done automatically by elastic matching. Elastic matching is formulated as the following optimization problem. Consider an I × I reference character image R = {ri,j} and an I × I input character image E = {ex,y}, where ri,j and ex,y are d-dimensional pixel feature vectors at pixel (i, j) on R and (x, y) on E, respectively. Let F denote a 2D-2D mapping from R to E, i.e., F : (i, j) → (x, y). As shown in Figure 1, the mapping F determines the 2 Recent Advances in Document Recognition and Understanding
- 15. Statistical Deformation Model for Handwritten Character Recognition 3 x y Fig. 2. Eigen-deformations of handwritten characters. pixel-to-pixel correspondence from R to E. Elastic matching between R and E is formulated as the minimization problem of the following objective function with respect to F : JR,E(F ) = R − EF , (1) where EF is the character image obtained by fitting E to R, i.e., EF = {exi,j,yi,j }, and (xi,j, yi,j) denotes the pixel of E corresponding to the (i, j)th pixel of R under F . On the minimization, several constraints (such as a smoothness constraint and boundary constraints) are often assumed to regularize F . Let F̃ denote the mapping F which minimizes JR,E(F ) of (1). This mapping F̃ represents the relative deformation of the input image E from the reference image R. Specifically, the deformation of E is extracted as the following 2I2-dimensional vector, called deformation vector, v = ((1 − x1,1, 1 − y1,1), . . . , (i − xi,j, j − yi,j), . . . , (I − xI,I, I − yI,I))T . (2) Note that v is a discrete representation of F̃ . The constrained minimization of (1) with respect to F (i.e., the extraction of v) is done by various optimization strategies. If the mapping F is defined as a parametric function, iterative strategies and exhaustive strategies are often employed for optimizing the parameters of F . In contrast, if the mapping F is a non-parametric function, combinatorial optimization strategies, such as dynamic programming, local perturbation, and deterministic relaxation, are employed. Various formulations and optimization strategies of the elastic matching problem are summarized in Uchida Sakoe (2005). 2.2 Estimations of eigen-deformations Eigen-deformations of a category are intrinsic deformations of the category and defined as M principal axes {u1, . . . , um, . . . , uM} which span an M-dimensional subspace in the 2I2-dimensional deformation space. The eigen-deformations can be estimated by applying 3 Statistical Deformation Model for Handwritten Character Recognition
- 16. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 17. The commandant drew a long breath. Now, Mr. Blunt, he said, you are cleared of the worst charges that have been made against you; I desire you to make a frank statement of your connection with that disguise. Captain, I owned it; the disguise is mine. You know, sir, that midshipmen do lots of things that are not discovered; if a fellow would cheat or do anything dishonorable, none of his classmates would speak to him; but if he were to 'French' as I have done, he would not lose caste. There are many offenses here of a military nature that a midshipman might commit which would be severely punished by the authorities if he were detected, and yet at which most midshipmen would smile. Well, sir, I have never cheated nor done anything dishonorable; but I did have this disguise and 'Frenched' out in Annapolis several times with it on. I did not propose the three groans that night at the theatre and I was not out of this building last night after seven o'clock. Captain Blunt, resumed the commandant, I don't mind saying that I am more relieved than it is possible to express. Now, Mr. Blunt, did you never fear detection? I am rather interested in this matter. Yes, sir. Captain, do you remember the Sunday morning you invited me to dine with you? I do, indeed. I recall that at first you were tongue-tied and acted queerly; then you gushed out words that didn't have much sense. That was the next day after the three groans were proposed at the theatre. I remember it well. The night before, sir, Saturday night, I went after my disguise intending to use it, and it was missing. When you called me up I was scared; I thought I was found out. Evidently Mr. Bligh had taken it, but I didn't know or imagine he had. Who did you imagine had taken the things? I just couldn't imagine, except that some servant might have stolen the disguise, and then thought better of it and put it back. But no trouble came to me about it, so I didn't worry.
- 18. When you heard about the man in the theatre proposing the three groans, didn't you recognize from his description that it was somebody with your disguise on? Why, no, sir. People said it was some cit. I never gave particular thought to that affair. Mr. Blunt, you as a third classman have already received one hundred and forty-seven demerits—I have looked up your record. As a third classman you may receive in the year two hundred and fifty demerits without being unsatisfactory in conduct. For having civilian clothes in possession you will receive fifty demerits, and for having been absent from academic limits, fifty more. That leaves you only three to run on, but the end of the year is at hand and you should be able to do it. Further, I shall recommend that you be deprived of your September leave. I am sorry, Captain Blunt, he continued, to punish your son so severely, but if this had occurred while you were commandant I don't believe you would have been more lenient. His actions merit dismissal, Dalton; you have been more than merciful, replied Captain Blunt grimly. But at the same time I am glad that my son is not guilty of dishonorable acts, and also that he is not to be dismissed. But, Harry, clear up one more thing. How did those things happen to be found in your room? Last night, father, I got to worrying about that disguise and at about midnight I went to the office and got them. I intended to take them out in town to-day. Just as I got into my room Mr. Drake came in and asked where Mr. Stonewell was, and saw the coat, hat and beard. Drake looked wild; I guess he didn't have much sleep last —— That's enough, Harry; you're getting a bit too loquacious, interrupted the young man's father. During all of this talk Stonewell and Robert were both silent and yet rapt listeners. Not one word had they exchanged, but at times Stonewell regarded Robert with an expression of deep affection, full of concern. And Robert was so full of self-disgust and shame that he
- 19. dared not look either his roommate or Captain Blunt in the face. He felt that his own action had been simply ridiculous; that instead of heroism he had been guilty of foolishness. Now, Dalton, remarked Captain Blunt, and his face assumed a look of intense earnestness and feeling, everything has come out well for Mr. Stonewell and for my son. I hope you will pardon me for speaking for Mr. Drake. I realize, of course, his offense; and I know that for this offense you will be justified in inflicting any punishment up to dismissal. I am of course aware of your duties as commandant, of the imperative necessity that discipline must be maintained. And I agree that he has committed a most serious offense. But, Dalton, and here Captain Blunt's voice, rugged veteran though he was, broke with emotion, and in husky tones he continued, Dalton, Mr. Drake's offense arose from sentiments that do credit to his heart—his idea was to spare me from sorrow—and he could not force himself to testify against his roommate. Dalton, is this not a case for mercy? He not only tried to save my boy for my sake, but three years ago he saved my own life. Dalton—I make a personal plea for mercy. Commander Dalton's eyes were shining very bright. He looked at Robert with an expression that caused him to feel that at least his judge was sympathetic. Mr. Drake, he began, if a midshipman persists in disobedience to the commandant's orders, if he persists in refusing to answer the commandant's questions, he must be dismissed; no other action is possible. You have been asked certain questions which you have not yet answered; and by now you have had plenty of time to decide your answers. I will repeat my questions. Did you last night detect Cadet Commander Stonewell in an attempt to steal an examination? Sir? gasped Robert, a flood of joy surging through him. Did you, Mr. Drake? I thought I did, sir, but I was mistaken; I know now it was his brother, Frank Stonewell, stammered Robert, realizing the purport
- 20. of the commandant's question, yet hardly able to answer through sheer happiness. Did you, Mr. Drake, detect Mr. Harry Blunt in an attempt to steal an examination last night? I thought I did, sir, but I was mistaken. I know now it was Midshipman Bligh whom I saw. Commander Dalton smiled happily. I think this disposes of Mr. Drake's case, he remarked. Now, Mr. Blunt, my advice to you is to walk a chalk mark the rest of your time here. Mr. Stonewell, I am sure you will forgive my words. I was mistaken, of course, and was under great feeling. You can hardly be happier over the final outcome than I am. I will turn your brother's case over to you to handle; he is beyond me. I can but say I envy you the friend you possess. Evidently Mr. Drake would sacrifice his career rather than contribute to his friend's disgrace. And yet he could not lie, even to save that friend. Gentlemen, we've had a hard morning, and deep feelings have been stirred. I think this is all. Captain Blunt, are you ready to leave?
- 21. CHAPTER XXVIII BLIGH, BLIGH, BLIGH! That Sunday afternoon the Naval Academy was in an uproar, for the complete history of Harry Blunt's disguise had become known to all midshipmen, and every one of them was fascinated and intensely amused at his daring. It was not the commandant's intention that the facts should become generally known. But Harry Blunt never yet had been very amenable to orders. First he told two or three intimates under strict injunctions of secrecy, and each of these told three or four of their close friends in confidence; and in this strictly confidential way the history of Harry Blunt's disguise became known before dinner was over to every midshipman of the brigade. Now the stern officers who inculcate discipline and a few other things on the minds and character of midshipmen know that these young gentlemen should have been pained and grieved to learn that one of their number had left a disguise in the office of the dreaded officer-in-charge of the first division of midshipmen; in that office where demerits were assigned and daily preachments were solemnly made to erring midshipmen. And we know they should have been dismayed that yet another one had proposed three groans for the highest authorities at the Naval Academy. But to be candid one is compelled to admit that the midshipmen's sentiments on these matters were far otherwise. Indeed, the fact is Bligh's audacity thrilled and fascinated every midshipman of the brigade. It came as a violent shock; and after the thrill came amazement, and then uproarious laughter. That a midshipman should have kept civilian clothes for months right under the nose of an austere lieutenant-commander touched the
- 22. brigade's funny bone. It was felt that Harry Blunt had a good joke on that lieutenant- commander. Toward Bligh there suddenly developed great admiration. His proposing groans for the superintendent and the commandant was the most audacious thing that had happened in the memory of any midshipman then at Annapolis. And his frank assumption of the guilt of the acts charged against Third Classman Blunt, a man with whom he had been on the worst of terms, suddenly awoke all midshipmen to a belief that the despised Bligh had not merited the obloquy so universally cast upon him. Poor beggar, remarked Glassfell to Farnum, he was only a plebe, and hadn't yet been educated up to the niceties of honor. He was only trying to save himself from bilging; and he hasn't been treated decently here, that's a fact. But what unparalleled nerve! Goodness! The idea of his standing up and shouting out those groans! Well, I think a good many of us have groaned more than once at the superintendent and commandant! and Glassfell chuckled. When Harry Blunt left the commandant's office that Sunday morning he went straight to Bligh's room. Bligh, he cried, you are white, and by jingo! everybody in this Academy is going to know it before night. I've treated you badly, Bligh, right from the start; and when I think of what you did this morning—well, I'm ashamed of myself, that's how I feel. Look here, Bligh, would you shake hands? Do you mean that, Blunt? exclaimed Bligh, joyfully, his face aglow with happiness. Mean it? I'm proud to be your friend if you will only let me! and these two young men who had so long cherished bitter feelings against each other jumped into a warm, generous friendship. With the tale of Bligh's audacity went everywhere the story of how he had saved Blunt. And midshipmen were touched deeply in suddenly realizing the sad, lonely, ostracized life Bligh had led; of the generosity of conduct by one so universally despised. And thus there
- 23. was a reaction by leaps and bounds of generous feeling toward that once unhappiest of young men. Bligh's character was hardly changed in these few days; the strongest thing in it was still a desire for applause, and he fairly drank in the kindly words that were now profusely showered upon him. The direct effect was to make him tremendously happy; Bligh really had never been hopelessly vicious, unwarrantable as had been some of his acts. And no midshipman had ever lived a sadder life at the Naval Academy. And the sudden change from ostracism to popularity overwhelmed him with happiness and filled him with ambition to merit the kindly feelings that went with him in his final days at Annapolis. On the following Wednesday Bligh received an official letter from the Secretary of the Navy with the curt information that his resignation as midshipman had been accepted, and so the fear of disgraceful dismissal vanished. He was to reënter civil life without the stigma of expulsion from the naval service. He was all packed up and left on the afternoon train. Beside him in the car sat Frank Stonewell. Stonewell, remarked Bligh, you will never know the good you've done me; you came to me with your friendship when I had no friend and when I needed one badly. I was going to the dogs and hated everybody; you helped to restore my self-respect and gave me a hope I might be of some account after all. I'm going to try to live right from now on, to make a point of deserving friends. You're all right, Harry, replied Frank Stonewell; you just needed to get a good grip on yourself; you had the academic regulations and standards on the brain when I first met you; you were actually morbid about them. Perhaps I pushed my defiance of them a little too far when I played the last trick, but I love to dare. However, it's all a phase of life. But, I say, Bligh, look out there! What are all those midshipmen running into the station for?
- 24. Oh, that's Blunt and a lot of third and fourth classmen. I guess they had a late dress parade and are trying to get to this train to bid somebody good-bye. Probably some girl is aboard whom they all like. All aboard! shouted the conductor. Then came a sharp cry in staccato words, from the well-known voice of Harry Blunt. Four N yell, fellows, he cried, just before the train started. And then from over a hundred throats came a well-known Naval Academy shout, as follows: N N N N A A A A V V V V Y Y Y Y Navy— Bligh, Bligh, Bligh. It was in this way, and with this shout tingling in his ears, that Bligh left Annapolis. His eyes glistened. A mist swam before them. A moment later he turned to his companion and said: Frank, I've heard that same call before—but I'd given up all hope of ever hearing it again—I can't tell you what it means to me—but it seems as if those good chaps have forgotten scores of mean things and have remembered the one decent thing I did at Annapolis. Three years later a recent Princeton graduate was speaking at Annapolis with Cadet Lieutenant Sexton. Tell me about Bligh, inquired Sexton. I've heard you chaps at Princeton liked him there. He was here for a while, in fact was my roommate—he had a hard time at first, but everybody here liked him when he left. Liked him! exclaimed the Princeton man. I guess we did; we more than liked him. Harry Bligh was one of the squarest fellows that ever lived, and one of the kindest and best besides. We were proud of his
- 25. football record, of course—he was probably the best half-back in the country last season. But he was lots more than that. He was a helpful friend to all of us. I remember he once pulled me out of a deep hole; and I wasn't the only one. Just let a fellow get into trouble and before long you'd find Bligh helping him out. Bligh could never be turned against any one. I remember one of our fellows did something off color; he offended our class feeling; well, we were going to do something—I don't know what—but Bligh sort of took charge of affairs and said: 'Let's not condemn that fellow; we may only succeed in shoving him deeper into the pit he is in; let's see if we can't find some good in him, or point him right, anyway.' Well, we did, and we were mighty glad of it afterward. He was always helping a fellow that needed a friend. I once said to him, 'Harry, what is your ambition?' He seemed to think quite a while and then said: 'I want to be square, and I want people to believe I am square.' And you just bet, Sexton, that a bullier, squarer chap than Harry Bligh never lived.
- 26. CHAPTER XXIX THE END OF A LONG DAY Stone, will you ever forgive me? asked Robert shamefacedly, as soon as they had left the commandant's office. Forgive you, Bob? Never speak of such a thing! Forgive you for sacrificing yourself for me? Bob, I can hardly talk about it, and Stonewell felt such a rush of feeling come over him at the memory of what Robert was willing to do for him, and of his own affection for his friend, that it was necessary for him to control himself before he could continue. Bob, he finally said, the whole thing was my fault. I should have told you about Frank. You are not a bit to blame for thinking you saw me last night. Well, Bob, there's no use in my thanking you for your attitude toward me—such actions are away beyond thanks. It's hard to talk these things over, but I want you to believe one thing. I'll never forget what you've done for me—never. Bob, I don't suppose the time will ever come when I will have occasion to show my appreciation—I don't want it to come, for that would mean misfortune—and I don't imagine I could possibly show the greatness of soul you have. But don't you ever look up to me again. I may work out probs a bit faster than you do, but for greatness of character, for everything that goes to make up leadership, you are the man of the class, not I. Why, when I think of you I positively feel small. Robert laughed happily. Oh, Stone, he said, don't talk foolishness. The whole thing seems like a dream to me now. I was in the most mixed up state imaginable. I just saw you do it; that's the way I felt. I knew it was you, and yet I could not realize how it could be you. I thought that for some unexplainable reason you had determined to help Blunt. But why should you help Blunt? The whole thing was wholly beyond my comprehension; and yet I thought I saw you do
- 27. it. Well, it's all right now, thank goodness. But what a remarkable resemblance your brother has to you; not only in features but also in voice. Yes, I suppose so; still, such resemblances frequently exist. There is a rear admiral in our navy that had a son here and another at West Point at the same time. On one occasion when these two chaps were at home together, they exchanged uniforms and even the old gentleman himself was completely fooled. But I'm going to tell you about Frank. He has been at several schools and colleges and has repeatedly been dismissed. Some time ago he was expelled from Princeton and came down here. You see he's afraid of my father and leans somewhat on me. I was intensely disgusted. He was mixed up in a scrape in which some unpopular professor was left over night tied up in a room. Now as a matter of fact Frank for once had no part in this outrage. But he was suspected and accused—it's a long story; I won't go into that, Bob. He denied it, but was not believed, and was dismissed; if he were not guilty it was evident he knew who the guilty parties were, and he refused to divulge their names. So he came to Annapolis, and for this thing to occur just before our graduation was extremely unpleasant to me. I just couldn't talk about him, but I used to go out to see him. A short time ago the whole truth came out, and Frank was exonerated, and then to my surprise he refused to return to Princeton. He had no good reason, but now I can see that he had become interested in Bligh. He was stubborn about not going back, and this surprised me. He never spoke of Bligh; probably the latter had asked him not to. Finally he demanded an apology from somebody in Princeton who had accused him of falsehood, and I went up to see what could be done. But the whole thing, including Frank's stubbornness, was so distasteful to me that I never spoke of it even to you. Gracious, if you'd only told me, Stone;—I hope he'll have no more trouble. But did you fix matters at Princeton for him? Yes, but his skirts were not entirely clean and he'll have to repeat his year. I imagine he'll take Bligh back with him—those two have
- 28. struck up a great friendship. Stone, I'm going to see young Blunt, and apologize to him. What for? You've never said a word about him to anybody. No, but I've thought a lot. Come along. Blunt, said Robert later in the latter's room, I apologize to you for imagining you did things which you didn't do. Oh, bother your apology, Drake. But, by George, I want to tell you you are a regular brick. You've a pile of nerve and are all sorts of a good fellow. And isn't that chap Bligh a trump? Just to think of his using my cit suit, and his groaning for the supe. Say, that's the best thing that has ever happened at the Naval Academy, and Blunt burst into a peal of infectious laughter. After they left Harry, Stonewell said: Now, Bob, we are going to call on Captain Blunt. I can't, Stone—you have no notion how awkward I feel. Of course you do, but you've got to get over that feeling, and it will only last a moment. But Robert didn't feel awkward at all; he had no chance to. He was received by Mrs. Blunt with a loving cordiality that put him entirely at his ease. And Helen's manner was as bright and natural as usual. Captain Blunt said but little, but that little seemed to say, in addition to the words he spoke: I approve of this young man; he will be an honor to the cloth. The fact that Robert had acted under a misapprehension was not considered. The intent that animated him was what influenced their feelings. Nellie Strong, who was visiting with the Blunts, as usual was tremendously interested in all that happened. I just knew something was to occur to you, Robert Drake, she exclaimed. I never feel safe when you are around. I wouldn't be a bit surprised if a terrible Turk were to burst in upon us this minute and carry you off. You're positively dangerous to have around.
- 29. Nellie, I hear you are to lead our class german with Stonewell, was Robert's smiling reply. Yes, and I'm just delighted over it. Helen Blunt thinks she's the most important girl in town because she's going to present the flag to your company; and I'm awfully glad she is, Robert; it's just fine. But I'd much rather lead the german with Mr. Stonewell. Helen's glory will last only five minutes—and mine will last for hours. What in the world are you yawning for, Robert Drake? Don't you find my conversation interesting enough to keep you awake? One would imagine you hadn't had many winks of sleep last night. I beg your pardon, Nellie, he said. To tell you the truth now that I come to think of it, I don't think I had even one wink last night.
- 30. CHAPTER XXX GRADUATION The annual examinations commenced the next morning and lasted throughout the week. It was a time of apprehension to some, of exultation to others, and of tremendous interest to all; for these examinations, averaged in with the previous records made in daily recitations and monthly examinations, were to determine the class rank of each midshipman. The examinations were written; they began at eight o'clock each morning and lasted till one. In the afternoons hundreds of midshipmen were to be seen streaming through the pleasant grounds of the Naval Academy, many of them accompanied by pretty girls who seemed to think that the institution's chief purpose was to provide them with pleasant times. For though the examinations took all of the mornings, in the afternoons were teas, launch parties and impromptu dances. And happy were the midshipmen who were without fear of failure, and so could afford these social pleasures. There were other midshipmen who, not so fortunate, with puckered brows and worried faces, feverishly worked at their books, and among these was Harry Blunt. The week passed quickly, and at its close Robert Drake knew he would graduate fifth in his class. That Stonewell would graduate first had long been a foregone conclusion. The Blunt family were now out of suspense and knew that Harry had passed, his application to his studies in these last days being well rewarded. Graduation week came, and with it the Annual Board of Visitors, who are supposed to make a serious investigation of the Naval Academy in all of its parts. And for one week the midshipmen are required to show off their various accomplishments.
- 31. On Monday morning, the midshipmen as a brigade of infantry passed in review before the Board of Visitors, and Robert Drake, commanding the first company, felt proud indeed as he snapped out the order, just before he reached the reviewing stand, of: First company—eyes right! After dismissal the midshipmen rushed into their working clothes and dispersed into different shops, and great was the hammering in the blacksmith and boiler shops as the Board marched through. In this week of each year the Naval Academy is on official exhibition for this wise Board. And for its benefit sham battles are fought, young men scramble aloft on antiquated sailing ships and feverishly loose and make sail, haul on buntlines, clewlines, sheets and braces. They are mustered in the different class rooms and the Board sees them at the blackboard, pointer in hand, in the act of explaining an intricate valve motion to an earnest lieutenant. What the Board does not see is the alacrity with which pointer, blackboard and room are abandoned as soon as the Board has passed on. So this week there were, as there always is at graduation time, sample machine shop drills, gunnery drills, electrical drills, steam engine drills—and many others. And the tired, earnest, hard-working Board was marched through it all at a lively pace. This Board was composed of statesmen, professional men, and business men of established reputation; but it is not certain that any of them knew the difference between a Stephenson link of an engine and the club link of an anchor chain. However, they worked hard and wrote a voluminous report of fifty printed pages, which, covered with dust, is lying with fifty other similar reports in a pigeonhole at the Navy Department. On Wednesday occurred the great day for Helen Blunt. At ten in the morning she was in the receiving stand gowned beautifully in simple white, and carrying a huge bunch of American Beauty roses. Soon martial music was heard, and then the brigade of midshipmen was to be seen across the parade ground, marching with its precise
- 32. military stride. Then loud vibrating orders were carried to the ears of ten thousand spectators and bugles rang out their harsh notes. In exact unison the seven hundred midshipmen, who had been in column of squads, wheeled into line, and marched steadily to the front until they were within a hundred paces of the reviewing stand, where they halted. In the centre of the long line were the colors, unfolded and waving to the breeze. Color guard to the front, was the vibrant order from Cadet Commander Stonewell. First company to the front and centre, followed immediately. The old color guard with the colors marched slowly to the front, and on the right of the line some quick, jerky orders were heard, and the first company broke from the line and came marching toward the centre of the brigade. Thousands of spectators now saw a pretty ceremony. A young girl stepped from the receiving stand and advanced toward the waiting color guard; the Academy colors were handed to her, and the ex- color guard was then marched off. Helen did not remain alone for many moments, but for an instant a pretty picture was presented on the drill grounds. A beautiful girl, carrying in one arm a huge bunch of red roses, and in the other steadying the glorious colors of the Naval Academy, standing alone, facing seven hundred blue-coated statues. But in a moment another color guard approached, the color guard of the company judged to have won the flag. And with it marched the captain of the company, Cadet Lieutenant Drake.
- 33. IT MUST HAVE BEEN A VERY PRETTY SPEECH The new color guard halted a few feet in front of Helen, and then Robert stepped forward. The air was very still save for the robins chirping to their young. An absolute hush fell over the many thousand spectators. It was
- 34. evident that the young lady was presenting the flag, and was making a speech to the captain of the winning company. But so far away she was, and so softly she spoke, that none heard her words; that is, none save Robert Drake and the new color guard. But people said it must have been a very pretty speech. After apparently saying a few words, Helen seemed suddenly to pick up the colors and fairly throw them into the hands of Cadet Lieutenant Drake. Wasn't that pretty? was an exclamation made by many of the onlookers. You have done very well, Mr. Drake, faltered Helen; your company has done splendidly. Oh—I had a good speech made up, but I've forgotten all about it! Father wants you to come to dinner to-night— he has a surprise for you—oh, dear, what am I talking about? Won't this do? Haven't I said enough?—Oh, take the flag! and Helen threw it at Robert. The next day the papers said that Miss Helen Blunt had made an eloquent little speech of well chosen words when presenting the colors to Cadet Lieutenant Drake, but of that one may judge for himself. Thank you, said Robert, simply and gravely, taking the colors and handing them to his color sergeant; the first company is honored. And then Stonewell, in clear ringing tones shouted: Three cheers for the girl who has presented the colors. Hurrah—hurrah—hurrah! rang out in perfect unison from over seven hundred young throats. Then Cadet Lieutenant Sam Blair stepped to the front and proposed, Three cheers for the winning company, and its cadet lieutenant, which were heartily given. What's the surprise, Helen? asked Robert that evening at seven o'clock as he entered the Blunt house.
- 35. I won't tell you; you must find out for yourself, replied Helen happily; come into the drawing-room. Mother—father—oh, what a happy surprise, cried Robert a moment later. Captain Blunt, you have had my mother and father come to my graduation! Indeed Robert could hardly speak for sheer joy. Yes, Robert, said Mr. Drake, Captain Blunt has asked us to visit him for your last days, and here we are; we thought to give you a happy surprise. It had been many years since Mr. Drake had visited Annapolis. He vividly recalled his own midshipman days, the joyful strife and the friendly rivalry. These had long passed, but he found classmates and many old navy friends with whom to renew old scenes and almost forgotten times. The first class german took place that night in the Armory, and only first classmen and their chosen partners went on the floor. These midshipmen had donned for the occasion their new white officer uniforms, and the young ladies all wore pure white dresses with ribbons of old gold. Stonewell led, and with him, radiant with happiness, was Nellie Strong. The first classmen, seventy in number, were all present. On the balcony overhead were thousands of visitors enjoying the pretty, novel figures made by the handsome couples on the floor below. The next night the evening promenade concert occurred. The grounds were made bright with numbers of lighted Japanese lanterns hung among the trees. The Naval Academy band played beautifully, and Robert, walking between his father and mother, followed the crowd of happy promenaders, talking of his four years within the Academy walls, of the difficulties he had had, and of the friends and good fortune that had come to him. And the following day was Robert's graduation.
- 36. The brigade was formed with the band on the right; next came the first classmen about to be graduated, without arms. Then came the brigade, with rifles, the temporarily appointed cadet officers of the second class wearing swords. Soon the brigade marched off with slow measured tread to the chapel, the band playing all the way that tune, full of joy to midshipmen's ears, of: Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness? It finally had a special meaning to the young men about to receive their diplomas. In the chapel the chaplain, dear to generations of midshipmen, made an eloquent, heartfelt prayer, and then the superintendent delivered a short address. Young gentlemen, he began, your lives in the navy are now to begin in earnest. You have been here for four years, surrounded by a naval atmosphere, and drilled in those things required of our naval officers. From now on your work will be on familiar lines, but yet there will be a great difference. Here, at the Naval Academy, if you make a mistake in your navigation work, you will receive a low mark. Aboard ship you will do the same exact kind of navigation, but if you make a mistake you may cause a ship and hundreds of lives to be lost. The great difference is that in the outside naval service you are at all times under great responsibilities; here your responsibilities have been but slight. Here, if you drill well, your company may win the Academy colors, and that is what many of you have worked for. Aboard ship, if the enlisted men under you do not drill well, it will be your fault, and it will mean your men do not shoot accurately, that your engines are inefficient, that your ship is neither an honor to the flag, nor could an admiral depend upon it in battle when the interests of your country were at stake. Here you have been under instruction. You have for long years been drilled in the duties of the private in the ranks, of the fireman at the furnace, of the machinist at the lathe, of the electrician at the switchboard, of the gun pointer in the turret, of the helmsman at the wheel—there is no duty that an enlisted man can be called upon to do aboard ship that you have not been drilled in at this institution. But, besides this, you have designed steam and electric engines, and built them with your own hands in the shops; you have gone deeply
- 37. into the mathematics of natural law and can not only operate a machine, but you can design it and build it. Gentlemen, you have been under a most expensive instruction here, for which, as yet, you have rendered no return. You are now splendidly equipped for your life-work in the navy. You will find that aboard ship your principal duties will be the instruction of enlisted men. You were gathered here, not only that you personally might become accomplished officers, but that you might receive instruction for the purpose of imparting it to others. You must prove that the earnest efforts spent upon you have not been wasted. You must apply full benefit of the training you have here received to the enlisted men who will soon be in your charge, or else the purpose of this institution has failed. We expect to hear good reports of you; we are proud of you, but we will know our confidence in you is not misplaced when we hear that your guns shoot straight, your engines steam well, and that the enlisted men under you are contented and believe in you. When we hear that we will be content, for we will know our work here has produced results. For a last word, never forget the glorious record made by our navy in every war; and may it enter your hearts that you all have a special duty to do your utmost to keep bright our naval history. As the superintendent sat down the choir sang: God be with you till we meet again. The midshipmen were now marched out and formed a line near the band stand, the graduating class in front of the brigade, who stood at Order arms. The superintendent and other officials proceeded to the band stand; the superintendent studied his watch anxiously. He should be here now, he remarked. Ah, there is the carriage. The carriage he looked for stopped on the walk in front of the band stand, and Robert Drake's heart thumped when he saw who got out of it.
- 38. A rather thick-set, not overtall, fair complexioned gentleman jumped out of the carriage. Everybody about glanced with much interest at him, and all hats came off. I couldn't help being late; I had much to do this morning, remarked the gentleman; did you receive my telegram, admiral? Yes, Mr. President, and we went right ahead, replied the superintendent; but you are in time to give out the diplomas. Good. Stonewell's name was the first called out to come up for his diploma. A storm of applause broke forth from his classmates and friends as this erect, manly young officer approached the President. Cheer after cheer greeted him, for by this time Stonewell was appreciated outside as well as inside of the Academy. The President shook Stonewell's hand warmly and handed him his diploma with a smile, saying, We all know you, Mr. Stonewell; I feel like joining in that cheer myself. Farnum came up next, then Sewall, then Ryerson, and all received generous cheers. Then the name Drake was called. Tumultuous shouts and applause now broke loose. Robert was liked and respected by the entire brigade, but as the captain of the winning company in the flag competition he had sixty devoted champions in ranks who were not willing that any graduating midshipman should receive more applause than their own popular cadet lieutenant. Robert's father and mother in front seats were filled with happy pride that their son should graduate so high in his class, and with such vociferous evidence of warm regard. And then a strange thing happened, a little incident that overwhelmed not only Mr. and Mrs. Drake with amazement, but also thousands of spectators. When the name Drake was called, the most famous man in the world of his day left the platform where he had been standing, and rapidly approached Robert, meeting him half way. He greeted him warmly, and said: Mr. Drake, one of the reasons that induced me to
- 39. come to Annapolis to-day was to have the pleasure of personally handing you your diploma. The superintendent has told me your father and mother are present. Are they close at hand? Just in front, sir. Present me, please. The President said to them, Mr. and Mrs. Drake, I am delighted to meet you. I congratulate you on your son. I am proud of him. A year ago at this time he rendered signal service to his country. In this way the President of the United States showed that his formerly expressed appreciation had not been lightly forgotten, and thus he publicly performed an act of kindly recognition. That their son should be so wonderfully honored filled Robert's father and mother with a deep happiness that outweighed all other thoughts, and they were much affected by the President's attention. One by one the remaining members of the graduating class received their diplomas and a hearty handshake from the President; and soon the graduation was over. But one more scene occurred in Robert's life as a midshipman at Annapolis. That night the much talked of graduating ball, given to his class, was held. The great Armory was beautifully decorated with flowers and plants, and in between and overhead were flags and bunting tastefully arranged. And on the floor were beautiful girls and manly young men. It has been a wonderful life to me, Helen, said Robert to his partner; as I look back it seems that I never lived until I entered Annapolis. I've had glorious times; my life has been full of hard work, but the results give me intense satisfaction. And besides the work, there has been almost complete contentment; it is so satisfactory to work hard and work successfully. And in addition to all this are the friendships that have come to me, that of you, and your family, Stonewell and others.
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