Red black-trees-4
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Red-black trees are self-balancing binary search trees where each node is colored red or black. Top-down deletion of nodes from a red-black tree involves traversing the tree while coloring each node red. This may cause violations of the red-black tree properties, which are fixed through rotations and recoloring of nodes. The goal is to delete nodes as red leaves to avoid fixing properties. Examples demonstrate the process of traversing the tree, finding and deleting the target node as a red leaf, and fixing any property violations through rotations and recoloring.
Red black-trees-4
- 1. Red Black Trees Top-Down Deletion
- 2. Recall the rules for BST deletion 1. If vertex to be deleted is a leaf, just delete it. 2. If vertex to be deleted has just one child, replace it with that child 3. If vertex to be deleted has two children, replace the value of by it’s in-order predecessor’s value then delete the in- order predecessor (a recursive step)
- 3. What can go wrong? 1. If the delete node is red? Not a problem – no RB properties violated 2. If the deleted node is black? If the node is not the root, deleting it will change the black-height along some path
- 4. The goal of T-D Deletion • To delete a red leaf • How do we ensure that’s what happens? – As we traverse the tree looking for the leaf to delete, we change every node we encounter to red. – If this causes a violation of the RB properties, we fix it
- 5. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down • Bottom-Up is recursive – BST deletion going down the tree (winding up the recursion) – Fixing the RB properties coming back up the tree (unwinding the recursion) • Top-Down is iterative – Restructure the tree on the way down so we don’t have to go back up
- 6. Terminology • Matching Weiss text section 12.2 – X is the node being examined – T is X’s sibling – P is X’s (and T’s) parent – R is T’s right child – L is T’s left child • This discussion assumes X is the left child of P. As usual, there are left-right symmetric cases.
- 7. Basic Strategy • As we traverse the tree, we change every node we visit, X, to Red. • When we change X to Red, we know – P is also Red (we just came from there) – T is black (since P is Red, it’s children are Black)
- 8. Step 1 – Examine the root 1. If both of the root’s children are Black a. Make the root Red b. Move X to the appropriate child of the root c. Proceed to step 2 2. Otherwise designate the root as X and proceed to step 2B.
- 9. Step 2 – the main case As we traverse down the tree, we continually encounter this situation until we reach the node to be deleted X is Black, P is Red, T is Black We are going to color X Red, then recolor other nodes and possibly do rotation(s) based on the color of X’s and T’s children 2A. X has 2 Black children 2B. X has at least one Red child
- 10. Case 2A X has two Black Children 2A1. T has 2 Black Children P 2A2. T’s left child is Red X T 2A3. T’s right child is Red ** if both of T’s children are Red, we can do either 2A2 or 2A3
- 11. Case 2A1 X and T have 2 Black Children P P X T X T Just recolor X, P and T and move down the tree
- 12. Case 2A2 X has 2 Black Children and T’s Left Child is Red Rotate L around T, then L around P Recolor X and P then continue down the tree L P P T X T L L1 L2 X L1 L2
- 13. Case 2A3 X has 2 Black Children and T’s Right Child is Red Rotate T around P Recolor X, P, T and R then continue down the tree T P X T P R R X R1 R2 L L R1 R2
- 14. Case 2B X has at least one Red child Continue down the tree to the next level If the new X is Red, continue down again If the new X is Black (T is Red, P is Black) Rotate T around P Recolor P and T Back to main case – step 2
- 15. Case 2B Diagram P X T Move down the tree. P P X T T X If move to Black child (2B2) If move to the Red child (2B1) Rotate T around P; Recolor P and T Move down again Back to step 2, the main case
- 16. Step 3 Eventually, find the node to be deleted – a leaf or a node with one non-null child that is a leaf. Delete the appropriate node as a Red leaf Step 4 Color the Root Black
- 17. Example 1 Delete 10 from this RB Tree 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 10 13 18 23 7 Step 1 – Root has 2 Black children. Color Root Red Descend the tree, moving X to 6
- 18. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 X 6 17 12 20 3 16 10 13 18 23 7 One of X’s children is Red (case 2B). Descend down the tree, arriving at 12. Since the new X (12) is also Red (2B1), continue down the tree, arriving at 10.
- 19. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 10 13 18 23 X 7 Step 3 -Since 10 is the node to be deleted, replace it’s value with the value of it’s only child (7) and delete 7’s red node
- 20. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 7 13 18 23 The final tree after 7 has replaced 10 and 7’s red node deleted and (step 4) the root has been colored Black.
- 21. Example 2 Delete 10 from this RB Tree 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 2 4 10 13 Step 1 – the root does not have 2 Black children. Color the root red, Set X = root and proceed to step 2
- 22. Example 2 (cont’d) X 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 2 4 10 13 X has at least one Red child (case 2B). Proceed down the tree, arriving at 6. Since 6 is also Red (case 2B1), continue down the tree, arriving at 12.
- 23. Example 2 (cont’d) 15 P 6 17 12 20 3 T X 16 2 4 10 13 X has 2 Black children. X’s sibling (3) also has 2 black children. Case 2A1– recolor X, P, and T and continue down the tree, arriving at 10.
- 24. Example 2 (cont’d) 15 6 17 12 20 3 P 16 2 4 10 13 X T X is now the leaf to be deleted, but it’s Black, so back to step 2. X has 2 Black children and T has 2 Black children – case 2A1 Recolor X, P and T. Step 3 -- Now delete 10 as a red leaf. Step 4 -- Recolor the root black
- 25. Example 2 Solution 15 6 17 12 20 3 16 2 4 13
- 26. Example 3 Delete 11 from this RB Tree 15 10 5 12 3 7 11 13 Valid and 2 4 6 9 unaffected Right subtree Step 1 – root has 2 Black children. Color Root red. Set X to appropriate child of root (10)
- 27. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 X 10 5 12 3 7 11 13 2 4 6 9 X has one Red child (case 2B) Traverse down the tree, arriving at 12.
- 28. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 P 10 5 12 T X 3 7 11 13 2 4 6 9 Since we arrived at a black node (case 2B2) assuring T is red and P is black), rotate T around P, recolor T and P Back to step 2
- 29. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 5 P 10 X 3 7 T 12 2 4 6 9 11 13 Now X is Black with Red parent and Black sibling. X and T both have 2 Black children (case 2A1) Just recolor X, P and T and continue traversal
- 30. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 5 10 P 3 7 12 X T 2 4 6 9 11 13 Having traversed down the tree, we arrive at 11, the leaf to be deleted, but it’s Black, so back to step 2. X and T both have two Black children. Recolor X, P and T. Step 3 -- delete 11 as a red leaf. Step 4 -- Recolor the root black
- 31. Example 3 Solution 15 5 10 3 7 12 2 4 6 9 13