1. What is Referencing
Difference between reference and bibliography
Why we need to reference
What to reference
When to reference
How to reference
Different referencing styles
More Examples about APA
Referencing tools
Summary
Scope of Presentation:
2. What is REFERENCING?
REFERENCE -- the detailed description of the
document from which you have obtained your
information. Referencing is a way of demonstrating
that you have done that reading.
CITING -- acknowledging within your text the
document from which you have obtained your
information.
3. REFERENCES VS BIBLIOGRAPHY
• References
items you have read and specifically
referred to (or cited) in your work;
the list of sources at the end of the
research work will be headed
“REFERENCES”
4. REFERENCES VS BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Bibliography
is a list of everything you read - whether or not you
referred specifically to it.
it normally contains sources that have been cited and also
those found to be influential, but decided not to cite.
it can give a tutor an overview of which authors have
influenced your ideas and arguments even if you do not
specifically refer to them.
5. WHY DO WE NEED REFERENCE?
To acknowledge others works
To allow others (readers) to find the original
sources easily (cited reference)
To get recognition & authentication of the work.
To make the work informative. (Quality)
To trace the intellectual development of the
ideas you present.
TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
6. WHY DO WE NEED REFERENCE?
Has it been presented formally into the public domain in
some way?
Has it been presented in a tangible form? (Printed material,
the Internet, a public talk/lecture etc).
Does someone have an ownership of it? Look for a named
author or writer, or organization, including a website or
host.
Is the information presented in the source in question
outside the realm of “common knowledge”?
7. WHEN DO WE NEED REFERENCE?
To give the source of tables, pictures, figures, statistics and
diagrams which might be copied or have been a source
of idea.
When describing a theory, model or practice associated
with a particular writer.
To give credibility to an argument presented by you.
When giving emphasis to a particular idea that has found
a measure of agreement.
To inform the reader of sources of direct quotations or
definitions.
When paraphrasing another person's idea that you feel is
particularly significant.
8. REFERENCING STYLES
Some commonly used style manuals are….
1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA) -- (used in psychology,education and other social sciences;
author and date are important
2. Chicago Manual of Style (author/ date) and emphasis on source
origin, footnotes)
3. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (MLA)- (usually
used in literature & arts; (author/ date) authorship important
4. The Harvard system (author/ date)
5. The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific
journal (numeric)
9. REFERENCING STYLES:
• Associated Press Stylebook (APS) -- used in print journalism (sources are
described/used in the text)
• Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) -- (sometimes called Turabian) is
used in writing about Business and Music (author/date)
• Council of Science Editors Manual (CSE) -- most often used in writing
about Science (numeric)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) -- used for writing
about Engineering (numeric)
• Modern Language Association Style Manual (MLA) -- is used in writing
about English Literature and Modern Languages (author/date)
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) --
commonly used in writing about Psychology, History, Education,
and Social Sciences (author/date)
• The Harvard system -- uses the author/ date system
• The Vancouver system -- used in medical and scientific journal (numeric)
10. Author/Date VS Numeric
Example of Numeric Styles:
• According to Myers[1] the reason for….
The reference is presented as a footnote at the bottom
of the page or at the end of your work:
[1]Myers, D. (2008) Construction economics: a new
approach, 2nd ed., London: Taylor and Francis, p.159
Example of Author/Date Style
Barter (2003, p.258) has shown that…..
11. Source of References:
• Book
• Journal
• Newspaper / magazine
• Conference paper/proceedings
• Annual Report
• Institutional / Government publications
• Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM,
Databases
• Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works etc.
12. Elements of References:
• Author
• Title of document
• Date ( year of publication)
• Place of publication
• Edition
• Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part
number)
• Series
13. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• APA style requires authors to use the past tense or
present perfect tense when using signal phrases to
describe earlier research:
For example:
Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found
• If you are referring to an idea from another work but
NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book -make reference to the
author and year of publication and not the page
number in your in-text reference.
For example:
According to Jones in 1998,...
14. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• It is good to use quotation when
- You want to analyze or challenge the quotation in question
or if you feel the quotation supports your own argument
or
point of view.
- You want to add interest or impact to an introduction or
conclusion.
- If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to
include the author, year of publication, and the page
number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
15. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a
free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit
quotation
marks.
Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from
the left margin.
• Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their first time
……… teacher for help. (p. 199)
16. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• If you use quotation or any specific detail its good have
page number in citation
• Secondary Referencing
“Ivan Illich (1981), as summarised by Sherman and Judkins
(1995 p.121) has suggested that „shadow work”…..
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
• In full reference only give your source book
17. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• A Work by Three to Five Authors:
- List all the authors the first time you cite the source:
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
- In subsequent citations: (Kernis et al., 1993)
• Organization as an Author:
- If the author is an organization or a government
agency: According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),...
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation
- First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000)
- Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
18. Some Basics in the APA Style:
• Two or More Works (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
• Authors With the Same Last Name:
- use first initials (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
• Personal Communication:
- For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person
communication, cite the communicator's name and the
date of the communication:
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
19. The Basic Format in the APA Style:
Last_name, First_initial. Middle_initial. (Publication
Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City,
State_abbreviation: Publisher.*
*Don't include the parts of publishers' names that
are not required to locate the publisher.
For example: Publishers, Co., or Inc. However,
keep the words Books and Press.
27. Referencing is an important part of research work.
• It is a way of acknowledging others work and helps to avoid
plagiarism.
• There are several referencing style manuals.
• Which style to follow depends on the field of research and
guidelines given to you
• The most important thing is to be consistent with a particular
referencing styles.
• There are several referencing tools and software available
(which makes things simpler!) but still manual checking for
their correctness is necessary!
Summary:
28. MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: process in
bibliography: Yale University Press.
United bibliography stylebook: The authoritative handbook for
writers, editors, and news directors (3rd ed.). (1992).
Lincolnwood, Il: National.
Rangachri. (Ed.). (1996). The new catalog in references and
utility
(3rd ed.). 332-335
Introduction to bibliography and phases of
research.,G.K.Ranganath
References:
![Author/Date VS Numeric
Example of Numeric Styles:
• According to Myers[1] the reason for….
The reference is presented as a footnote at the bottom
of the page or at the end of your work:
[1]Myers, D. (2008) Construction economics: a new
approach, 2nd ed., London: Taylor and Francis, p.159
Example of Author/Date Style
Barter (2003, p.258) has shown that…..](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/referencing-250414145522-55cb8d4b/85/REFERENCING-can-be-used-in-many-purposes-pptx-10-320.jpg)
![Some Basics in the APA Style:
• A Work by Three to Five Authors:
- List all the authors the first time you cite the source:
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
- In subsequent citations: (Kernis et al., 1993)
• Organization as an Author:
- If the author is an organization or a government
agency: According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),...
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation
- First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000)
- Second citation: (MADD, 2000)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/referencing-250414145522-55cb8d4b/85/REFERENCING-can-be-used-in-many-purposes-pptx-17-320.jpg)
