A function is a special type of relation where each input is mapped to exactly one output. For a relation to be a function, each x-value in the domain can only correspond to one y-value in the range. A relation specifies the connections between two variables but does not require each input to map to a single output, whereas a function uniquely associates each input with a unique output. It is important to distinguish the independent variable, which determines the possible inputs or domain, from the dependent variable, whose outputs or range depend on the values of the independent variable.