Relative clauses b1
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The document discusses relative clauses, which are formed by joining two sentences using a relative pronoun like who, which, that, when, or whose. There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses, which provide essential information about a noun and are not set off by commas, and non-defining relative clauses, which provide extra information and are set off by commas. The document provides examples and guidelines for using relative pronouns in defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Relative clauses b1
- 2. Relative Clauses are formed by joining 2 sentences: - “Peter is the student”+ “He comes from Glasgow”: “Peter is the student WHO comes from Glasgow”. - “The books are on the table” + “They are mine”: “The books WHICH are on the table are mine”. - “I’ve just met Tom” + “Tom seems to be a nice guy”: “I’ve just met Tom, WHO seems to be a nice guy” - “I’d love to visit London”+ “It is a beautiful city”: - “I’d love to visit London, WHICH is a beatiful city”
- 3. Remember: When we join 2 sentences with a Relative Pronoun or Adverb, we have to omit the noun/ pronoun/ possessive that the Relative replaces (In the previous sentences: He/ They/Tom /it) Relative Clauses go RIGHT AFTER the Noun they modify.
- 4. 1. Defining Relative Clauses They define, give us essential information about a general term or expression. Defining Relative Clauses are not put in commas: - I talked to the man who gave you the news. - I read the letter which came this morning. (Which man ? The one who gave you the news.) (Which letter? the one that arrived this morning.)
- 5. Remember: Use WHO to refer to people and WHICH to refer to animals, things, … “THAT” can replace WHO and WHICH in Defining Relative Clauses : Did you know the girl WHO/THAT came to the party yesterday? The book WHICH/THAT I’m reading is very interesting.
- 6. OMISSION OF WHO, WHICH AND THAT: WHO, WHICH and THAT can be the Subject of the Relative Clause: - I’ve talked to the man WHO sold me his car. (Who replaces The man and is the Subject of the Clause “sold me his car”) - The dog WHICH barks every night is my neighbour’s. (Which is the Subject of the clause “barks every night”)
- 7. They can also be the Object : - I loved the film (WHICH/ THAT) we saw last night. - The man (WHO/THAT) you mentioned is a writer. When The Relative is the Object, it can be (and it is usually) omitted in Defining Relative Clauses.
- 8. Other Relatives: WHEN (THAT) shows Time: - I will never forget the day + I met my best friend that day: I’ll never forget the day (WHEN/THAT) I met my best friend. (WHEN can also be omitted in Defining Relative Clauses).
- 9. WHERE refers to Places: -This is the hotel + We are staying at the hotel next weekend: This is the hotel WHERE we are staying next weekend. - The city is interesting + my sister is living in the city: The city WHERE my sister is living is interesting.
- 10. WHOSE shows Possession and it replaces a Possessive adjective or an ’s possessive: - The man was crying + His house was on fire: The man WHOSE house was on fire was crying. - Have you met the people? + Their son is moving to Washington: Have you met the people WHOSE son is moving to Washington?
- 11. I bought a house. It was advertised in the local paper. REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING: WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHEN, WHERE or WHOSE I bought a house that/which was advertised in the local newspaper Venice is a wonderful place. We spent our last holiday there. Venice is a wonderful place where we spent our last holiday This is the boy. I met him yesterday. This is the boy (that/who) I met yesterday.
- 12. He showed us how to create a computer-based game. It was very interesting. He showed us how to create a computer-based game that/which was very interesting. That's the boy. I told you about him last night That's the boy (that/who) I told you about last night. REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING: WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHEN, WHERE or WHOSE The girl was crying. Her cat was lost The girl whose cat was lost was crying.
- 13. They've sold the house. They lived there. They've sold the house where they lived. I've just finished reading a book. It is an amazing book. I've just finished reading a book that/which is amazing. REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING: WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHEN, WHERE or WHOSE I’ll never forget the day. My son was born that day. I’ll never forget the day (when/that) my son was born.
- 14. 2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses They give us more (extra) information about a person, animal, thing, … already identified ( by a name, a possessive, …). They go between commas. - Your brother, who gave me the news, saw the accident himself . - I read Martin’s letter, which was full of gossip.
- 15. In Non-Defining Relative Clauses we can’t use THAT and we can’t omit the Relatives: -I liked Toy Story, which I’ve seen recently. (not “that”, no Omission) -Shakespeare, who you just mentioned, is the most famous British playwright. (not “that”, no Omission) -I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking for. (not “that”, no Omission)
- 16. Defining or Non- Defining? Remember: Defining Relative Clauses: - Don’t take commas. - “That” can replace Who, Which and When. - You can omit Who, Which, When and That when they are not the Subject of the Relative Clause. Non-Defining Relative Clauses: - Go between commas. - You can’t use “That”. - You can’t omit the Relatives.
- 17. Compare: -The neighbours who live next door are very friendly. -My neighbours, who live next door, are … - I enjoyed the film (which/that) you recommended. - I enjoyed Little Miss Sunshine, which you recommended.
- 18. Let’s practise!! Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun. • The new terminal, ______ will be finished by May, has been designed by a famous architect. which • Have you finished the book ______ I lent you? that / which / -- • The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi follow everywhere, has a new girlfriend. who • I don’t know the man ______ arrived just after you. who / that