remote power stand alone system

Remote Power Stand Alone System Using Solar-
Wind-Biomass Energy
By: Debraj Nath
B.tech 3rd Year EEE , Sri Venkateswara College Of
Engineering And Technology(Autonomous)
R.V.S Nagar, Tirupathi Road, Chittoor- 517127
Ph no:- +919435240870
email id: debrajnath230@gmail.com
M.Saritha Reddy
B.tech 3rd Year EEE , Sri Venkateswara College Of
Engineering And Technology(Autonomous)
R.V.S Nagar, Tirupathi Road, Chittoor- 517127
Ph no:- +919014449585
email id: msaritha289@gmail.com
ABSTRACT- Due to the limited reserves of fossil fuels and global
environmental concerns for the production of electrical power
generation and utilization, it is very necessary to use renewable
energy sources. By use of hybrid systems we can implement
renewable energy sources which are very economical for remote
villages, homes etc. In particular, rapid advances in wind-turbine
generator, biomass generator and photovoltaic technologies have
brought opportunities for the utilization of wind and solar
resources for electric power generation world-wide .So by the use
of hybrid systems consisting of Biomass, PV and also wind for
production of electrical energy in these remote areas can be more
economical. If the development of a computer-based approach
for evaluating, the general performance of standalone hybrid
PV- Biomass-wind generating systems are analyzed ,then these
results are useful for developing and installing hybrid systems in
remote areas This paper focuses the economical consideration
and simulation approach for a standalone hybrid systems having
PV, wind and Biomass for electrical production in remote areas.
In this paper we are taken the average solar radiation, quantity
of biomass, average wind speed for the remote area for
prediction of general performance of the generating system.
keywords :Solar energy, Photovoltaic system, wind mill, 3 phase
Inveter, combustion system, etc
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy plays a crucial factor in technological and economic
development of present society. It has always been the key to
men’s greatest dream of a better world. But now also many
villages in the world live in isolated areas far from the main
utility grid. It is really impossible their meet by the
conventional sources because of the high cost of transport and
the distribution of energy to this remote areas [1]. For this
only now new implementation is going on hybrid systems
consisting of renewable energy sources .These hybrid systems
involve combination of different energy sources with wind,
PV, mini hydro, Biomass, fuel cells etc. Every year the
demand of electrical energy is grow rapidly throughout the
world. In India it is very difficult and also uneconomical to
transmit power over long distances through transmission lines
for special remote villages. Also 70% of its population is live
in rural areas. Generally the production of electrical energy
generally depends on fossil fuels. As a result it increases CO2
emissions, which are not healthy for environment concern [2].
To reduce the emissions of CO2 and greenhouse gas effects &
improvement of quality of life renewable energy is very much
useful for environment as well as to develop the economy of a
country .While many of the renewable energy projects are of
large scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and
remote areas, where there is often crucial in human
development. To develop the electrification in rural areas or
remote area house, it is very expensive to extend the power
lines form centralized sources to rural areas. There are many
renewable energy can be implemented in hybrid systems like
solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass etc. But especially for
rural and remote areas it is economical to use hybrid systems
consisting of solar, wind and biomass. Standalone systems are
intended to operate independent of electric utility. It is not
being connected to main grid. Batteries are used in this system
belongs to lead acid type. The main useful of this system are it
requires lesser maintenance cost and as well as it is healthy as
for environmental consideration. Generally such type of
systems supports to the distributed generation and connected
to micro grids. In near future the system is favoring to
Distributed generation and micro grids. [3]
II. HYBRID SYSTEMS
A PV –wind- Biomass power system, which is a combination
of a photovoltaic array integrated with a wind generator and
biomass generator, is a better option for a remote area which
is not connected to the grid and is a best solution to
electrification of remote areas, where extension of national
grid is not a cost effective option. The system which is
analyzing consists of a PV array, wind generator, a battery
bank, a biomass generator, a charge controller and a DC/AC
converter. It is an autonomous system.
A. PV System: Sizing a photovoltaic system is an important
task in the system’s design. In the sizing process one has to
take into account three basic factors:
I. The solar radiation of the site and generally the
Metrological data
ii. The daily power consumption (Who) and types of the
electric loads, and
iii. The storage system to contribute to the system’s energy
independence for a certain period of time .

fig d represents the components and working of a solar panel
Fig 1: Working and functioning of a solar panel
The PV generator is oversized it will have a big impact in the
final cost and the price of the power produced and in the other
hand, the PV-generator is undersized, problems might occur in
meeting the power demand at any time [3] The amount of
solar radiation at a site at any time, either it is expressed as
solar intensity (W/m2) or solar radiation in MJ or Who, is
primarily required to provide answer to the amount of power
produced by the PV generator. The amount of electrical
energy produced by a PV-array depends primarily on the
radiation at a given location and time.
B. Biomass power: Biomass is the amount of living matter in
a given habitat, expressed either as the weight of organisms
per unit area. Biogas is a mixture of gases, generally carbon
dioxide and methane. It is produced by microorganisms,
especially in the absence of oxygen. This process is called
anaerobic process. Fig b represents a biogas digester.
fig 2. Biogas Digester.
Biogas also can develop at the bottom of lakes where
decaying organic matter builds up under wet and anaerobic
conditions. And a biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and
animal fats. The main factor of choosing this type of hybrid
system consist of biomass is that in remote area villages it is
easily and economically available in the form of dung of cow,
buffalo, goat etc. During the cloudy day, the total electricity
production can depend on the biomass.
C. Wind energy:
Wind energy sources have the potential to significantly reduce
fuel costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and natural habitat
disturbances associated with conventional energy generation.
fig 3: Wind Turbine Generator
Wind turbine generators (WTGs) are an ideal choice in
developing countries where the most urgent need is to supply
basic electricity in rural or isolated areas without any power
infrastructure. Wind energy has become competitive with
conventional forms of energy. Power system deregulation has
opened opportunities for many private energy producers.
Wind energy is a potential choice for smaller energy
producers due to relatively short installation times, easy
operating procedures, and different available incentives for
investment in wind energy [7].
III. NEED OF HYBRIDIZATION
As the non renewable sources of energy are going to exhaust
in the nearby future so there is a necessity to preserve the
sources of energy and should invent the alternative to save this
energy. As this non renewable form of energy is energy is sun
energy so we should use solar energy. This method of
sourcing can be very well adapted in villages where till now in
some areas electricity is not available. So the solar energy and
wind energy there can be used for various household
purposes, street lightning. This saves non renewable like coal.
So in this way, the hybridization purpose is very well
achieved and proves efficient. So the hybridization technique
is a need for now days as well as for the upcoming days.

IV. SYSTEM DESIGN
The system was designed by calculating monthly demand of
electrical energy required by a small remote area as well as
power output of the different solar PV-wind turbine generator
combinations. Following points were taken into account in
system design [2, 3]:
The power generated from PV, wind generator and biomass
combination has to meet the total load of the system.
 Short term electrical power storage using lead-acid batteries
is considered. The size of battery bank is worked out to
substitute the PV array during cloudy and no-sun days.
 Life time of battery bank is considered to be 5 years. This
point is important when estimating the capital costs.
 The storage battery bank will be able to supply power
during a maximum of 5 days on no-sun days.
 The AC power from the inverter of the system is fed to the
distribution network of the community
A. MODELING OF PV , WINDMILL AND BIOMASS:
A1. PV System: In order to efficiently and economically
utilize the renewable energy resources, one optimum match
design sizing method is necessary. The sizing optimization
method can help to guarantee the lowest investment with
adequate and full use of the solar system, wind system,
biomass system and battery bank, so that the hybrid system
can work at optimum conditions in terms of investment and
system power reliability requirement [7]. Various
optimization techniques such as the probabilistic approach,
graphical construction method and iterative technique have
been recommended by researchers.
Power output from PV array: For design of a PV system, we
should know how much solar energy is received at the
concern place. It is effected by sun position, could covering
atmospheric affect, and the angle at which the collector is
placed, called tilt angle „β‟. Normally this angle is equal to
the latitude of the concern place. The related equation for
estimation of the radiation is listed below:
1. Isolation I = Io {cos ϕ cos δ cos ω + sin ϕ sin δ} kW/m2 2.
Io = Isc [1 + 0.033 cos (360N/365)] where Isc solar constant.
=1.37 kW/m2
3. HoA = energy falling on t
3. Ho = ∫i dt ωsr = hour angle when sun rising
Ωss= hour angle when sun setting = (24/π) Isc [1+ 0.033 cos
(360N/365)] {cos ϕ cos δ cos ω + sin ϕ sin δ} kWh/m2
/day he
concern place considering atmospheric effect = KT Ho
kWh/m2/day where KT dearness index
4. HoA = energy falling on the concern place considering
atmospheric effect = KT Ho kWh/m2/day where KT dearness
index
5. KT = A1 + A2 sin (t) + A3 sin (2t) + A4sin (3t) +A5 cos (t)
+A6 cos (2t) +A7 cos (3t) t = (2π/365) (N-80) N= 1 for Jan 1st
Wpeak = {1/ hpeak}[(WH ((load) * No. of no sun days / (ηb *
no of discharging. Days)) + Whload (day) + Whload (night)/ ηb)]
Where: ηb = battery efficiency hpeak = no of hours for which
peak insolation falls on the PV cell.
A2. Biomass: Manure output from livestock in a year
will be calculated as follows:
Where,
M- Livestock (animals and crops residues) manure
produced in remote area, t.
n- average number of livestock present year-round within
it group of livestock
Ni- Number of specified groups of livestock
population in remote area,
mi- manure produced per one head in a year in the it group of
livestock, t,
Biogas production from manure potential was calculated as
the sum of biogas volumes obtainable from manure produced
by animals and crop residues in that area:
Where,
VB- biogas volume, potentially obtainable from
manure biomass in parish (municipality, region) in a year, m3
,
KDMi- dry matter content in manure produced by ith
group of
animals
KOmi- organic matter content in dry matter of manure
produced by ith
group of animals
VOmi- specific biogas output from manure organic matter for
ith
group of animals
Energy of biogas obtainable from manure biomass in
municipality (region) was calculated as follows:
Where,
EB- energy potential obtainable from biogas produced from
manure, kWh
ebi- specific heat energy content of biogas obtained from
manure produced by ith
group of animals, kwh/m3
[3,10].
A3. Wind Speed :
A good expression that is often recommended to
model the behavior of the wind speed is Weibull PDF
(Probability Density Function), as shown next
- (1).
Where „k’ is shape index that is adjusted to match the wind
speed profile of a site which is under study. While c is the
scale index that is calculated based on the annual mean wind
speed that is not constant from one year to another. This
means that these two factors are calculated based on data that
exhibit great mount of uncertainty.

V. DEMONSTRAION OF THE SYSTEM
A. Photovoltaic System:
The photovoltaic system consist of a solar panel , dual axis
solar tracking system, MPPT(Maximum Power Point
Tracking) based solar charge controller and a battery unit.
Solar tracking system and solar panel are placed together on
roof top of the plant. as soon as sun rays falls on the solar
panel, solar energy from sun is converted into electrical
energy. The functioning of the the solar tracking system is to
track the position of the sun and based on it adjust the position
of the solar panel to extract maximum amount of energy from
the sun. The MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) system
is linked with solar panel to charge the battery unit (a) which
is linked up with the other batteries.
B.. Windmill System:
In windmill system, the windmill is designed with wind
turbine , blades, yokes ,etc. The windmill consist of
asynchronous generator which is mechanically coupled with
wind turbine. The output of generator is connected with a
voltage regulator/stabilizer circuit.The voltage stabilizer
circuit is connected with the rectifier circuit which converts
the ac source into dc source. again the dc source is is stored in
the battery storage unit (b) for further processing.
C. Biogas System:
fig 4
Biogas is produced from biomass. The working of Biogas
system is shown in above figure. At first the biogas from
biomass is induced into combustion chamber. The combustion
chamber is linked with steam boiler so as the biogas is burnt
out the water which is pumped inside the boiler gets boiled
and produces steam. Then the steam is fed into steam turbine
which is mechanically coupled with synchronous generator.
the generator converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The electrical energy so produced is an AC source.
So the AC source is Converted into Dc source using rectifier.
The DC source as an output from the rectifier is stored in
battery unit(c).In this way all the energy from 3 different
sources are accumulated in batteries and depending upon the
load they can be utilized.
D. Direct Current Control Unit:
Before the dc output is fed into inverter it passes through DC
control Unit. In this unit , all the battery unit are connected
parallel to a common dc Bus Bar. This is so done because
1. load is shared equally among the battery units. No
Imbalance load sharing.
2. If one of the system gats fails or stops due to
maintenance, the other two source would remain in
operation without harming the system.
As the load is shared, some amount of energy is supplied to
combustion system of biogas plant and also solar tracking
system in pv plant. as here the process is done, the electrical
energy is processed for conversion from dc source to ac
source through a 3 Phase Inverter.
E.. Three-phase inverters
Three Phase Inveter are used for variable-frequency drive
applications and for high power applications such as HVDC
power transmission. A basic three-phase inverter consists of
three single-phase inverter switches each connected to one of
the three load terminals. For the most basic control scheme,
the operation of the three switches is coordinated so that one
switch operates at each 60 degree point of the fundamental
output waveform. This creates a line-to-line output waveform
that has six steps. The six-step waveform has a zero-voltage
step between the positive and negative sections of the square-
wave such that the harmonics that are multiples of three are
eliminated as described above. When carrier-
based PWM techniques are applied to six-step waveforms, the
basic overall shape, or envelope, of the waveform is retained
so that the 3rd harmonic and its multiples are cancelled.
3-phase inverter switching circuit showing 6-step switching
sequence and waveform of voltage between terminals A and C
(23-2 states). when from inverter we get the output is fed to ac
bus bar which goes to Control Station.
The control Station consist of transformers and switch gears
and other controlling device which controls the flow of power
through the transmission. The control bus keeps a spying eye
on the transmission lines for smooth functioning of the
system. In this way the entire RPSAS system works . the
system is easy to setup and highly beneficial in remote
location s of the world.

Fig 5 : Complete Block Diagram Of RPSAS System
VI. INVESTIGATION REPORT:
The “fig.6 and 7” shows the daily and yearly load curve of the consumer
.

Fig. 8: Solar yearly radiation
Similarly wind speed resources is shown in the fig 9
Fig. 9: Wind speed resources
Fig. 10: Cost analysis of total hybrid system
Fig. 11: Cash flow summary of total system
Fig : 10& 11 explain total cost analysis and cash flow of entire system
Fig. 12 : Yearly share of PV-Wind –Biomass
VII. APPLICATIONS
The standalone system can be used, since it
can be deployed anywhere with minimum space
utilization. The capacity of standalone system ranges
from 500VA to 10 KVA.
For large scale commercial and industrial
applications, separately mounted wind turbine and
solar panels are used to engineer the required
capacity requirements can be accommodated.
Typical applications include:
1. Hotels
2. Business (Institutions and Government)
3. Large Estate Houses
4. Factories and manufacturing facilities
5. Commercial Power generation
6. Street lighting
VIII. ADVANTAGES
As the technology of solar collectors and
small wind turbine generators has advanced in past
decades, so has the industry in terms of efficiency in
manufacturing and fabrication technologies, as well
as direct labour cost.
1. Very high reliability (combines wind power, and
solar power)
2. Long term Sustainability
3. High energy output (since both are complimentary to
each other)
4. Cost saving (only one time investment)
5. Low maintenance cost (there is nothing to replace)
Long term warranty
6. No pollution, no noise, and deadly against
environment pollution
7. Clean and pure energy
8. Provides un-interrupted power supply to the
equipment
9. Provide clean, green, reliable, pollution free, low
emission and distributed technology power
10. The system gives quality power out-put DC to charge
directly the storage battery or provide AC.
11. The system can be designed for both off-grid and on
grid applications.
12. Efficient and easy installation, longer life
IX. DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantages of power generation by
solar-wind are as follows :
1. Large number of harmonics is produced.
2. Initial investment is more.
3. Large space is required for larger generations
4. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation.
5. large unit can be heard many kilometers away.
6. Efficiency is less than conventional power
plants.
X. CONCLUSION:
In this paper the analysis has been given for
systematic procedure towards to plan a PV-Biomass based
hybrid system and its Economic analysis including calculation
of percentage savings, payback period analysis. It will give
the complete solution to remote areas which are not accessible

to the grid. Initially these schemes may be costly but, the
frequent usage of such schemes and wide acceptance of the
technology can able to decrease the cost of such schemes.
X. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Department of Electrical and electronics
engineering of SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(autonomous) for
providing me a platform to implement my idea.
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