Remote sensing concepts and application in agriculture.pdf
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The document provides an extensive overview of remote sensing and its applications in precision farming, detailing the history, key concepts, types, and benefits of remote sensing technologies. It highlights the use of various sensors and platforms, such as satellites, drones, and aircraft, for data collection on crop health, soil properties, and environmental factors. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of remote sensing in optimizing agricultural practices and decision-making through applications like crop classification, yield estimation, and pest detection.
Remote sensing concepts and application in agriculture.pdf
- 1. Remote sensing concepts and use of sensors in precision farming Dr. M. KUMARESAN, Ph.D. (Hort.) School of Agriculture Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117 Geoinformatics and Nanotechnology and Precision Farming 2(1+1)
- 2. Remote sensing • Remote sensing is the process of collecting information about an object or area without making physical contact • Done using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, drones, or ground-based platforms • These sensors detect and measure reflected or emitted energy in different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible light, infrared, or microwaves.
- 3. HISTORY • Term “Remote sensing” was first used in 1961 • when U.S. Naval project on the study of Aerial photographs was renamed as “remote sensing”. • Application of remote sensing technology to agriculture and forestry was presented in couple of papers in 1968 • First satellite in remote sensing technology was launched in July 1972 in U.S.A.
- 4. • In 1827, Joseph Nicephoce Niepce (pronounced Nee-ps) reportedly took the first photograph. • In 1858, Gaspard Felix Tournachon (later known as "Nadar") captured the first recorded aerial photograph from a balloon tethered over the Bievre Valley. • In 1889, George Eastman, his company, Kodak, introduced flexible celluloid film and the popularity of photography soared. his first aerial photograph taken over Labruguiere, France, and his kite with camera mounted in the middle • In 1903, Julius Neubranner, photography enthusiast, designed and patented a breast-mounted aerial camera for carrier pigeons Weighing only 70 grams the camera took automatic exposures at 30-second intervals along the flight line flown by a pigeon. HISTORY
- 5. 1900-1914 In 1906, George R. Lawrence took oblique aerial pictures of San Francisco after the earthquake and fires In the year 1903, invention of Flying Machine by Wright Brothers - Wilbur Wright - Oliver Wright In 1908 Airplane was used as a platform for Aerial Photography 1954 – US Air Force developed first SIDE LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR
- 6. SATELLITE AGE ➢ 1957 Oct 4 – USSR launched first satellite SPUTNIK ➢ 1957 Nov 3 – USSR launched satellite SPUTNIK 2 which carried a Dog ➢ 1960 Apr 1 – USA launched experimental weather satellite – TIROS ➢1962 – Zaitor and Tsuprun constructed nine-lens multispectral camera ➢1972 July 23 – NASA, USA launched “Earth Resource Technology Satellite” (ERTS -1) or Landsat -1. Multispectral with 80 m resolution ➢1978 June 26 – NASA, USA –First RADAR satellite SEASAT ➢ 1980 – JPL, NASA -development of Airborne visible-IR imaging radiometer (AVIRIS) by Dr. Alexander F.H.Goetz and his team ➢1982 April – India launched INSAT-1A ➢ 1988 March – India launched IRS -1A
- 7. History of Indian Space Programme The Indian space Programme began in 1962. 1969 the Indian space Research Organizatiion (ISRO) 1972, space commission was established. 1975, India launched its first satellite, Aryabhata Its main objectives are – (i) Mass Communication and education via Satellite; (ii) Survey and management of natural resources through remote sensing technology, environmental monitoring and meteorological forecasting and (iii) Development of indigenous satellites and satellite launch vehicles. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980
- 8. (i) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)- VSSC at Thiruvananhapuram (ii) ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)- ISAC at Banglore (iii) Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR- Sriharikotta. (iv) Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC) – LPSC (v) Space Applications Centre (SAC)- SAC at Ahmedabad (vi) Development and Educational Communication- Unit - Ahmedabad (vii) ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command- Network (ISTRAC)- Bengaluru (viii) Master Control Facility- MCF at Hassan in Karnataka and Bhopal (xv) Antrix Corporation Limited – The Antrix Corporation Limited, Banglore ISRO Centres
- 9. (x) National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) – Hyderabad (xi) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)- Ahmedabad, (xii) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)- Gadanki near Tirupati (xiii) Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres – (PRSSC) – Five PRSSCs at Banglore, Jodhpur, Kharagpur, Dehradun and Nagpur. (xiv) North Eastern – Space Application Centre (NE SAC)- Shillong, (xv) Antrix Corporation Limited – Bengaluru On April 19, 1975, Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, was successfully launched into space with the help of a Russian rocket. ISRO Centres
- 10. Chandrayaan-1 • Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon • Launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. • The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo- geologic mapping of the Moon • The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the moon and the mission was concluded on August 29, 2009.
- 12. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission 2014: Mangalyaan, India’s first interplanetary mission was launched, making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars. Mangalyaan gained worldwide repute as being the least expensive Mars mission till date. Rocket Invention and Usage by Tipu Sulthan ➢ 1780– Rockets were used in battle of Guntur ➢1792 and 1799 –in Srirangapatna battle against British force Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56° S to 60° N Space ShuttleEndeavour during the 11-day STS-99 mission in February 2000 Cassini–Huygens is an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn. It is a Flagship-class NASA–ESA–ASI robotic spacecraft. Cassini is the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter orbit
- 13. Key Features of Remote Sensing • Non-Invasive: Data collection happens without physical interaction. • Large Area Coverage: Enables monitoring of wide regions, even remote or inaccessible areas. • Repetitive Data Collection: Allows for monitoring changes over time (e.g., deforestation, urban growth, or climate change). • Multispectral Imaging: Sensors can capture data in different wavelengths (visible, infrared, microwave) to reveal unique characteristics of objects.
- 14. Key Concepts in Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS): • Remote sensing depend on the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS), which includes different wavelengths of radiation, such as visible light, infrared, microwave, and radio waves. • Different materials on Earth's surface (like crops, soil, and water) reflect or emit radiation at different wavelengths. • Remote sensing systems detect and measure this radiation to capture information about the material being observed.
- 15. Key Concepts in Remote Sensing Sensors: • Remote sensing systems use sensors to detect electromagnetic radiation. • These sensors can be installed on satellites, aircraft, drones, or ground-based platforms. There are two main types of sensors used in agriculture: • Passive Sensors and Active Sensors
- 16. Key Concepts in Remote Sensing Resolution: Spatial Resolution: Level of detail in an image (i.e., the size of the smallest object that can be detected). High-resolution sensors capture finer details, while lower- resolution sensors capture broader areas. Spectral Resolution: Number and width of spectral bands used to capture data. More spectral bands allow for more detailed analysis of materials on the surface. Radiometric Resolution: Ability of a sensor to distinguish different intensities of reflected radiation, providing more precise data for analysis.
- 17. Key Concepts in Remote Sensing Platforms: Satellites: Offer large-scale and global coverage, but often at lower resolution compared to drones. Drones (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - UAVs): Drones provide high-resolution, localized data and flexibility for targeted field monitoring. Aircraft: Aircraft-mounted sensors can offer more control over the data collection process and often capture high-resolution imagery, though they are more costly and less flexible than drones. Ground-based sensors: These can complement remote sensing data by providing in-situ measurements of soil, temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors.
- 18. ❑ Obtaining, ❑ Processing, and ❑ Interpreting images and related data that are obtained from ground based, air- or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between target and electromagnetic radiation. Remote sensing
- 19. • RS provides electromagnetic information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere. • It can be exploited for efficient site specific management • RS can be used for crop identification, crop area, biomass and yield estimation. • RS can be exploited for soil and nutrient management. • RS can be exploited for assessing damage by biotic and a biotic stress. Remote sensing
- 20. A)Energy source or illumination- The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest. B)Radiation and the atmosphere- As the EMR travels from its source to the target, it will come in contact and interact with the atmosphere. This interaction may take place as the energy travels from the target to the sensor. C)Interaction with the target- once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation. Remote Sensing Processes
- 21. D)Recording of energy by the sensor- after the energy has been emitted from the target, a sensor is required to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation. E)Transmission and processing- the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital). F)Interpretation and analysis- the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated. G) Application – the final element of the remote sensing process is application i.e. after extracting the information from the image to solve a particular problem. Remote Sensing Processes
- 22. TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING Passive remote sensing Active remote sensing
- 23. When remote sensing work is carried out with the help of electromagnetic radiation (signals) reflected by a natural body (sun and the earth). eg. visible, near infra red and microwave remote sensing. Passive remote sensing
- 24. • When remote sensing work is carried out with a man made source of radiations which is used to illuminate a body and to defect the signal reflected form • eg. Radar and lidar remote sensing Active remote sensing
- 25. Remote sensing applications ❑ Remote sensing- provide data that help identify and monitorcrops. ❑ When these data are organized in a Geographical Information System along with other types of data, they become an important tool that helps in making decisions about crops and agriculturalstrategies. ❑ India has its own satellites like Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) series - Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat etc which provide required data for carrying out various projects.
- 26. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) System • Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was appointed with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988 • The data is used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management
- 27. Indian National Satellite (INSAT) System The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit.
- 28. Remote Sensing Sensors Sensor Type Wavelength Range Primary Use Examples Optical (Multispectral) Visible to Near-IR Land use, vegetation, water bodies, mapping Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS Hyperspectral Visible to Shortwave-IR Detailed spectral analysis, mineral mapping EO-1 Hyperion, AVIRIS Thermal Infrared 3-14 micrometers Surface temperature, heat monitoring, fire detection Landsat TIRS, MODIS Radar (SAR) Microwave Terrain mapping, flood detection, infrastructure monitoring Sentinel-1, RADARSAT-2 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Laser (Near IR) Topography, vegetation, 3D mapping Airborne LiDAR, ICESat-2 Radar Altimeters Microwave Altitude measurement, sea level, surface topography Jason, CryoSat
- 29. Sensors for precision farming • Remote sensing techniques play an important role in precision farming by providing continuous acquired data of crops. • Soil Properties Sensing: Soil Texture, Structure, and Physical Condition Soil Moisture; Soil Nutrients. • Crop Sensing: Plant Population; Crop Stress and Nutrient Status. • Yield Monitoring Systems: Crop Yield; Harvest ; Crop Moisture: • Variable Rate Technology Systems: Fertilizer flow; Weed detection, pressure sensors
- 30. Opportunities for Remote Sensing in PF Mapping and Monitoring- Crop and Soil Variability; Efficient way of mapping and monitoring the effects of any condition that affects plant health, yield, or quality of a crop. The Imagery can be applied to: ◼ Monitor within/between field variability; ◼ Map soil variations; ◼ Investigate crop management practices; ◼ Detect and map weed and pest infestations; ◼ Optimise crop inputs; Pasture growth rate.
- 31. Precision Agriculture and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Agricultural Uses: ◼ Coarse mapping functions, recording locations (e.g. weed infestation, insects, etc) ◼ Greatest accuracy is required if a satellite based positioning systems is used for agriculture during planting and chemical applications (pesticides, fertilizers). ◼ Reliability is a critical factor for high dynamic applications like air-spraying. Farming activities using GNSS: ◼ Soil sampling ◼ Tillage ◼ Drilling ◼ Variable Rate Applications: Fertilizing, Spraying ◼ Harvesting
- 32. Integrated GIS-Remote Sensing-GPS advantages: Ultimate goal of detecting and managing field variability is to save costs. Reduction of pollution risks by applying fertilisers or herbicides only where it is needed; Provide field maps of weeds, nutrient deficiencies that can guide farmers during the spray of their paddocks; Assist determining causes of field variability.
- 33. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Crop Health Monitoring • Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a commonly used index in remote sensing to assess crop health. • NDVI measures the difference between near-infrared and red light reflected by vegetation, which helps to determine plant vigour and overall health.
- 34. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Crop Classification and Mapping • High-resolution satellite or drone imagery can be used to create detailed crop maps that show the location and type of crops grown in a field or on a farm.
- 35. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Variable Rate Application • By using remote sensing to detect areas with specific nutrient deficiencies or moisture stress, farmers can apply inputs where they are most needed, reducing waste and increasing crop yields.
- 36. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Yield Prediction and Estimation • Satellite imagery and drone-based sensors can track crop development from planting through maturation, helping farmers estimate how much yield to expect at harvest time.
- 37. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Pest and Disease Detection • By using multispectral or hyperspectral imagery, remote sensing can identify stressed areas in crops where pests or diseases may be present, supporting early intervention.
- 38. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture Climate and Weather Monitoring • By monitoring weather patterns with remote sensing, farmers can better plan planting, irrigation, and harvest schedules to optimize yields and avoid climate-related risks.