Repolarization ST wave Abnormalities
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The document provides an extensive overview of ST segment abnormalities in ECG readings, detailing causes of ST segment elevation and depression, such as myocardial ischemia, infarction, and various cardiac conditions. It also discusses treatment options including anti-ischemic therapy, antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy, and surgical interventions like CABG and PCI. Key patterns and their clinical implications are described, with an emphasis on recognizing and differentiating conditions based on ECG morphology.
Repolarization ST wave Abnormalities
- 1. Mr. Aby Thankachan,M.Sc(N), Ph.D Asst Professor HICON, CBE REPOLARIZATION ST WAVE ABNORMALITIES
- 2. S-T Segment • The ST segment is the flat, isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the S wave (the J point) and the beginning of the T wave. • The ST Segment represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization. • The most important cause of ST segment abnormality (elevation or depression) is myocardial ischaemia or infarction.
- 6. Causes of ST Segment Elevation • Acute myocardial infarction • Coronary vasospasm (Printzmetal’s angina) • Pericarditis • Benign early repolarization • Left bundle branch block • Left ventricular hypertrophy • Ventricular aneurysm • Brugada syndrome • Ventricular paced rhythm • Raised intracranial pressure
- 7. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION • Acute STEMI may produce ST elevation with either concave, convex or obliquely straight morphology.
- 9. ST Segment Morphology in Other Conditions
- 10. Patterns of ST Elevation • Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) • ST segment elevation and Q-wave formation in contiguous leads. Follow the links above to find out more about the different STEMI patterns.: • Septal (V1-2) • Anterior (V3-4) • Lateral (I + aVL, V5-6) • Inferior (II, III, aVF) • Right ventricular (V1, V4R) • Posterior (V7-9)
- 11. ST elevation in V2-4
- 13. Coronary Vasospasm (Prinzmetal’s angina) • This causes a pattern of ST elevation that is very similar to acute STEMI — i.e. localised ST elevation with reciprocal ST depression occurring during episodes of chest pain. • However, unlike acute STEMI the ECG changes are transient, reversible with vasodilators and not usually associated with myocardial necrosis. • It may be impossible to differentiate these two conditions based on the ECG alone.
- 14. Pericarditis • Acute Pericarditis causes widespread concave (“saddleback”) ST segment elevation with PR segment depression in multiple leads, typically involving I, II, III, aVF, aVL, and V2-6. • Concave “saddleback” ST elevation in leads I, II, III, aVF, V5-6 with depressed PR segments. • There is reciprocal ST depression and PR elevation in leads aVR and V1.
- 16. Benign Early Repolarization • Benign Early Repolarization (BER) causes mild ST elevation with tall T-waves mainly in the precordial leads. BER is a normal variant commonly seen in young, healthy patients. There is often notching of the J-point — the “fish-hook” pattern. • The ST changes may be more prominent at slower heart rates and disappear in the presence of tachycardia.
- 18. Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) • In Left bundle branch block (LBBB), the ST segments and T waves show “appropriate discordance” — i.e. they are directed opposite to the main vector of the QRS complex. • This produces ST elevation and upright T waves in leads with a negative QRS complex (dominant S wave), while producing ST depression and T wave inversion in leads with a positive QRS complex (dominant R wave).
- 19. • ST elevation in leads with deep S waves — most apparent in V1-3. • ST depression in leads with tall R waves — most apparent in I and aVL.
- 21. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) causes a similar pattern of repolarization abnormalities as LBBB, with ST elevation in the leads with deep S-waves (usually V1-3) and ST depression/T-wave inversion in the leads with tall R waves (I, aVL, V5-6).
- 22. Deep S waves with ST elevation in V1-3 ST depression and T-wave inversion in the lateral leads V5-6
- 23. Ventricular Aneurysm • Ventricular aneurysms are one of the many complications that may occur after a heart attack. The word aneurysm refers to a bulge or 'pocketing' of the wall or lining of a vessel commonly occurring in the blood vessels at the base of the septum, or within the aorta. • In the heart, they usually arise from a patch of weakened tissue in a ventricular wall, which swells into a bubble filled with blood.This, in turn, may block the passageways leading out of the heart, leading to severely constricted blood flow to the body. • A left ventricular aneurysm can be associated with ST elevation . ST elevation and deep Q waves will be observed in patients with previous myocardial infarction.
- 24. ST elevation with deep Q waves and inverted T waves in V1-3.
- 25. Brugada Syndrome • Brugada Syndrome is an inherited channelopathy (a disease of myocardial sodium channels) that leads to paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in young patients. • The tell-tale sign on the resting ECG is the “Brugada sign” — ST elevation and partial RBBB in V1-2 with a “coved” morphology.
- 26. ST elevation and partial RBBB in V1-2 with a coved morphology — the “Brugada sign”.
- 27. Less Common Causes of ST segment Elevation • Pulmonary embolism and acute cor pulmonale (usually in lead III) • Acute aortic dissection (classically causes inferior STEMI due to RCA dissection) • Hyperkalaemia • Sodium-channel blocking drugs (secondary to QRS widening) • J-waves (hypothermia, hypercalcaemia) • Following electrical cardioversion • Others: Cardiac tumour, myocarditis, pancreas or gallbladder disease
- 28. Causes of ST Depression • Myocardial ischaemia / NSTEMI • Reciprocal change in STEMI Posterior MI • Digoxin effect • Hypokalaemia • Supraventricular tachycardia • Right bundle branch block • Right ventricular hypertrophy • Left bundle branch block • Left ventricular hypertrophy • Ventricular paced rhythm
- 29. Morphology of ST Depression • ST depression can be either upsloping, downsloping, or horizontal. • Horizontal or downsloping ST depression ≥ 0.5 mm at the J-point in ≥ 2 leads indicates myocardial ischaemia. • Upsloping ST depression in the precordial leads with prominent De Winter T waves is highly specific for occlusion of the LAD. • Reciprocal change has a morphology that resembles “upside down” ST elevation and is seen in leads electrically opposite to the site of infarction. • Posterior MI manifests as horizontal ST depression in V1-3 and is associated with upright T waves and tall R waves.
- 31. Reciprocal change in STEMI Posterior MI
- 32. Patterns of ST depression • Myocardial Ischaemia • ST depression due to subendocardial ischaemia may be present in a variable number of leads and with variable morphology. It is often most prominent in the left precordial leads V4-6 plus leads I, II and aVL. • Widespread ST depression with ST elevation in aVR is seen in left main coronary artery occlusion and severe triple vessel disease.
- 34. Reciprocal Change • ST elevation during acute STEMI is associated with simultaneous ST depression in the electrically opposite leads: • Inferior STEMI produces reciprocal ST depression in aVL (± lead I). • Lateral or anterolateral STEMI produces reciprocal ST depression in III and aVF (± lead II). • Reciprocal ST depression in V1-3 occurs with posterior infarction
- 35. Reciprocal ST depression in aVL with inferior STEMI
- 36. Posterior Myocardial Infarction • Acute posterior STEMI causes ST depression in the anterior leads V1-3, along with dominant R waves (“Q-wave equivalent”) and upright T waves. There is ST elevation in the posterior leads V7-9.
- 38. Digoxin Effect • causes downsloping ST depression with a “sagging” morphology,
- 39. • Hypokalaemia causes widespread downsloping ST depression with T-wave flattening/inversion, prominent U waves and a prolonged QU interval. • Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) causes ST depression and T-wave inversion in the right precordial leads V1-3. • Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) produce a similar pattern of repolarisation abnormalities to RVH, with ST depression and T wave inversion in V1-3. • Supraventricular tachycardia causes horizontal ST depression, most prominent in the left precordial leads (V4-6).
- 40. Treatment • Fibrinolytic therapy • ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. • Nitrates • Morphine • Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
- 41. Anti-Ischemic Therapy • Bed rest with continuous ECG monitoring for ischemia and arrhythmia detection in patients with ongoing rest pain. • Nitroglycerin (NTG), sublingual tablet or spray, followed by intravenous administration, for immediate relief of ischemia and associated symptoms.
- 42. • Supplemental oxygen for patients with cyanosis or respiratory distress; finger pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas determination to confirm adequate arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2>90%) and continued need for supplemental oxygen in the presence of hypoxemia.
- 43. • Morphine sulfate intravenously when symptoms are not immediately relieved with NTG or when acute pulmonary congestion and/or severe agitation is present. • A β-blocker, with the first dose administered intravenously if there is ongoing chest pain, followed by oral administration, in the absence of contraindications.
- 44. • In patients with continuing or frequently recurring ischemia when β-blockers are contraindicated, a nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist (eg, verapamil or diltiazem), followed by oral therapy, as initial therapy in the absence of severe LV dysfunction or other contraindications.
- 45. • An ACEI when hypertension persists despite treatment with NTG and a β- blocker in patients with LV systolic dysfunction or CHF and in ACS patients with diabetes. • Oral long-acting calcium antagonists for recurrent ischemia in the absence of contraindications and when β-blockers and nitrates are fully used.
- 46. • Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation for severe ischemia that is continuing or recurs frequently despite intensive medical therapy or for hemodynamic instability in patients before or after coronary angiography.
- 47. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy • Antiplatelet therapy should be initiated promptly. Aspirin (ASA - acetylsalicylic acid) is the first choice and is administered as soon as possible after presentation and continued indefinitely. • A thienopyridine (clopidogrel or ticlopidine) should be administered to patients who are unable to take ASA because of hypersensitivity or major gastrointestinal intolerance.
- 48. • Parenteral anticoagulation with intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) or with subcutaneous LMWH should be added to antiplatelet therapy with ASA, or a thienopyridine. • A platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist should be administered, in addition to ASA and UFH, to patients with continuing ischemia or with other high-risk features (see Table 2) and to patients in whom a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is planned. Eptifibatide and tirofiban are approved for this use. (Level of Evidence: A) Abciximab can also be used for 12 to 24 hours in patients with UA/NSTEMI in whom a PCI is planned within the next 24 hours.
- 49. • Intravenous thrombolytic therapy in patients without acute ST-segment elevation, a true posterior MI, or a presumed new left bundle-branch block.
- 50. Coronary Revascularization (CABG / PCI) • CABG – for left main CAD, 3-vessel disease, 2-vessel disease with significant proximal left anterior descending CAD and either abnormal LV function (EF <0.50) or demonstrable ischemia on noninvasive testing. • PCI or CABG for patients with 1- or 2-vessel CAD without significant proximal left anterior descending CAD but with a large area of viable myocardium and high-risk criteria on noninvasive testing.
- 51. • PCI for patients with multivessel coronary disease with suitable coronary anatomy, with normal LV function, and without diabetes.