![The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range
Since independence several steps have been taken up by the government and other organizations to
rehabilitate the jhumias. In the state, two resettlement divisions for shifting cultivators were set up under the
forest department. Subsequently, for successful imp lementation of different programmes a separate department
named „Tribal Rehabilitation in Plantation and Primit ive Group Programme‟ was created in October 1985.
Several efforts fro m the Central government (through North Eastern Council), State government (agriculture,
forest, animal husbandry, tribal welfare) depart ments, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),
nongovernmental organizations, etc. are also being made through implementation of various programmes. But,
the progress in rehabilitation of the jhu mias is very slow. In bo th South and North Tripura districts, the
rehabilitated jhumias have again reverted to jhum. „Hunger‟ seems to play the key role behind such incidents.
Lack of proper transport and communication, physiographical isolation, adequate technical know-how,
market ing facilities along with their distressed economic condition are the prime h indrances for jhu mia
rehabilitation. It is not possible to accomplish such rehabilitation programme single -handedly. Scientists,
planners, policy makers, extension workers should join hands and work together. One should also keep in mind
that jhumias need food, fibre, shelter and a secure future. Thus, care should be taken to see that these
programmes continue not for a day or month but for several years; in the process, bondag e will be formed
among the urban people, the workers and the jhumias.
One of the most important and recent strategies adopted for Jhu mia rehabilitation in Tripura is the
raising of rubber plantations. The rubber plantation project was conceived to provide a lucrative alternative to
Jhum cu ltivation. By the time of the 9th five-year plan, the raising of rubber plantation had become one of the
main strategies for rehabilitation of Jhu mias through the World Bank Aided India Rubber Project. Here the
Central Govern ment, Rubber Board and Bank had come together to aid the Tripura government to raise rubber
plantations and development itself as the “Second Rubber Capital of India”. The Tripura experiment is modelled
on the experiences of the Kerela rubber economy, the Rubber for the Poor Project being one of the main efforts
to provide tribal and other marginal farmers with a steady income. But in the process of doing this the marginal
rubber farmers have been integrated into the global market and the large industria l sector as providers of labour
and raw materials. India is the 3rd largest producer of rubber after the Thailand and Indonesia, of this 90% of the
rubber is grown in Kerela. The 1980s had however seen the expansion of rubber into non -traditional zones of
which Tripura was the most important. The rubber option looked attractive because it had the potential of
providing Jhumias with a substantial inco me along with cash crops like pineapple and pepper wh ich were gro wn
with it. This use of tilla or wastelands for cash crops would also enable the Tripura government to increase its
revenue potential by tapping the large industrial and export markets.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to Tripura Space Applications Centre, Agart ala, Tripura (West)
for providing all facilities to carry out the study. The authors are also grateful to NRSC, Hyderabad and
Depart ment. Of Agricu lture, Govt. of Tripura for provid ing support for this study.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] Myung-Hee JO, 1994." An Analysis of Shifting Cultivation Areas in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR, Using Satellite Imagery
and Geographic Information Systems", Journal of the Korean Society of Remote Sensing,10(1), pp.43-53.
[2] Myung-Hee Jo, 1993. "Preparation Of Thematic Maps for Nam Khane Watershed Management in Luang Prabang Province, Lao
PDR, Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Geographical Review, Kyung PookNationaluniv., Vol. 12 -13 pp.
101-108.
[3] Chaudhary, R.G, Dwivedi, R.N., Dutta, K.K., Sarma, B.K., Patel, C.S. & Prasad, R.N. 1993. Rice based farming of Apatani - an
efficient indigenous system of hill farming. Indian Journal of Hill Farming. 6:93 -102. Banai, R. K., 1989. A new method for site
suitability analysis: The analytic hierarchy process. Environment Management, 6, 685-693.
[4] Brady, Nyle. “Alternatives to slash-and-burn: a global imperative.” Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 58 (1996): 3-11.
[5] Conklin, H.C. “The Study of Shifting Cultivation.” Current Anthropology. Vol. 2, No. 1 (1961): 27-61.
[6] Giardina, C.P., R.L. Sanford Jr., I.C. Dockersmith, & V.J. Jamarillo. “The effects of slash burning on ecosystem nutrients during the
land preparation phase of shifting cultivation.” Plant and Soil. Vol. 220 (2000): 247-260 .
Proceedings Papers:
[7] Hansen, P. K. (1998b): Shifting cultivation development in northern Laos. Pp. 34-42 in: Chapman, E. C., Bouahom, B., & Hansen,
P. K. (eds.) Upland Farming Systems in Lao P.D.R. - Problems and Opportunities for Livestock. Australian Centre for Intern ational
Agricultural Research, Canberra. ACIAR Proceedings 87.
29](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/d011025029-121215002741-phpapp02/85/Research-Inventy-International-Journal-of-Engineering-and-Science-5-320.jpg)
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
- 1. RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of Engineering and Science ISBN: 2319-6483, ISSN: 2278-4721, Vol. 1, Issue 10 (December 2012), PP 25-29 www.researchinventy.com The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range 1 Er.Sujit Das, 2Er.Subhrajyoti Choudhury,3Ar.Arpita Roy. 1 (Scientist/Engineer, Landuse Planning Division, Tripura Space Applications Centre) 2 (Scientist/Engineer, Water Resources Division, Tripura Space Applications Centre) 3 (Agricultural Officer, Deptt. Of Agriculture, Govt. of Tripura) Abstract - Shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture (locally called as jhum) is one of the main form of agriculture in the hills of Tripura. In view of the mountainous terrain, settled cultivation constitutes only in a portion of the total cultivated land, which is mostly confined to the valley lands and plain lands. In order to meet the growing food demand, the jhum cycle (the intervening period between two successive slashes) got shortened which resulted in the overall decrease of crop yield. Today the scientists view shifting cultivation as environmentally destructive and a faulty land use practice having very low output-input ratio. So the local tribes are being educated on the curse side of this old practice at Government level and by different local NGOs’. This paper describes the status and change in shifting cultivation in one o f the hill ranges of Tripura, called Baramura-Deutamura hill range, using GIS and Remote Sensing technique. Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, Jhum, Baramura-Deutamura hill range, Burn Agriculture. I. INTRODUCTION The shifting cultivation is a time-tested system of agricultural pract ice, most often evolved indigenously and is strongly based on traditional knowledge. It used to be an appropriate and sustainable land use practice in diverse socio-economic set ups where the dependent human population was within the carrying capacity of a 10-15 year jhum cycle. Although practices under shifting cultivation vary widely in different parts of north -east and the variability in practices are largely tribe- specific, the shift ing cultivation in its any form invariably involves clearing of vegetation, and then slashing and burning the plant parts including debris. After 2 -3 years of cropping, the land looses its fertility and the farmer shifts to another piece of virg in forested land for cult ivation. The vegetation in the fallow land regenerates during the fallow period. After certain number of years, wh ich varies fro m 3 to 15 years, depending upon the place, population and land ratio, and tribe, the farmer again co mes back for farming to the same piece of land, which he left fallow a few years back. Thus, the cycle of cropping and' fallo w continues. The period between slash and coming back again to the same plot after comp letion of intervening fallow period constitute one jhum cycle. With rising population, the jhum cycle in most areas, wh ich used to be 10 -15 years earlier is now reducing to 2-3 years only. One of the most important negative environmental impacts of shifting cultivation is the damage that it causes to the soil system. It accelerates the soil erosion manifo ld. Besides causing air pollution due to burning, shifting cultivation is responsible for loss of soil nutrients and useful soil fauna and microbes. Burning of slash lowers soil acid ity, organic matter and total nit rogen, but enhances phosphorus and cat ions. The net change in soil available nutrient pool from pre-cropped stage through slashing and burning and subsequent cropping result in substantial lowering of carbon, nit rogen and magnesium. Most shifting cultivation practices are subsistence level farming system having very lo w output/ input ratio compared to other farming systems/ methods. The clearing of forest areas at regular and frequent intervals for shifting cultivation results in the loss of primary forests and formation of secondary forests. This causes substantial loss to tree diversity and associated vegetation those are adapted to primary forests. 25
- 2. The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS B Y SHIFTING C ULTIVATION Excessive agricultural activity of shifting cultivation not only decreases the forest area, but also changes the primary fo rest into secondary woodland of shrub. On the phase of soil property, it accelerated the soil and gully erosion, and acidification. To solve these environmental problems, the most import step is to settle the agriculture fro m shifting cultivation to permanent cropping. 2.1 Forest Degradation Excessive agricultural activity of shifting cultivation bit into the forest changed into primary forest of trees into the secondary woodland of shrubs and bamboo and decreased of the secondary forest these problems are because shifting cultivation could cause more serious flood and serious soil erosion. 2.2 Soil Degradation When the slopes covered with thick rain forests become bare from shifting cultivation, the soil becomes barren from the erosion by rain wash and the topography is destroyed from erosion by gully. As drainage network analysis reveals, the bifurcation of the first order stream is over 6 values so that gullies are being accelerated recently. 3. Study Area Fig. Location Map of Study Area As Shifting cultivation or Jhum is normally pract iced by the local tribes in hilly region, so for the study, the Baramura-Deutamura range in the west and south district of Tripura has been selected. The study area lies between 910 36' 51.39" E 220 55' 41.55" N and 910 34' 55.13 "E 240 06' 26.76" N. III. Materials And Methods The Landuse maps based on the satellite imageries of 2004 -2005 and 2011-2012 have been prepared. Co mparing the extracted shifting cultivation area of the two seasons, the change in the cultivation area is calculated. The Landuse landcover map of the west Tripura District has been generated for 2003 -2004 and the Baramu ra-Deotamura range has been clipped. So we get the landus e and landcover map for the study area. Fro m the map, we ext ract the shifting cultivation areas considering both current and abandoned. The area under shifting cultivation is found to be 27.55 Sq. Km. 26
- 3. The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range Fig. Landuse Map of 2003-2004 The same practice has been carried out for 2008-2009 for the study area and the area under shifting cultivation has been found to be 8.94 Sq. Km. Co mparing the changes from 2003-04 to 2008-2009, it is observed that there is a major drop down in the shifting cultivation area. There is 67.5% o f reduction in shift ing cultivation area. Co mparing the changes from 2003-04 to 2008-2009, it is observed that there is a major drop down in the shifting cultivation area. There is 67.5% o f reduction in shift ing cultivation area. Fig. Shifting Culti vation for 2003-04 27
- 4. The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range Fig. Shifting Culti vation for 2008-09 Again for 2011-2012, repeating the same practice, it has been noticed the reduction in the old tribal methods of agriculture. Fig. Shifting Culti vation for 2011-12 VI. Summary and Conclusion: TRENDS OF CHANGE IN S HIFTING CULTIVATION FROM 2003 -04 TO 2011-12 IN B ARAMURA- DEUTAMURA RANGE Year Area in sq.km. %age reduction with respect to 2003-04 2003-2004 27.55 - 2008-2009 8.94 67.55 2011-2012 12.68 53.97 Co mparing the reduction in area of shifting cultivation with respect to 2003-04, it is found that the different rehabilitation programs for Jhumias are showing very good results. 28
- 5. The Success Story of Rehabilitation of Jhumias in Tripura- A Study on Baramura-Deutamura Range Since independence several steps have been taken up by the government and other organizations to rehabilitate the jhumias. In the state, two resettlement divisions for shifting cultivators were set up under the forest department. Subsequently, for successful imp lementation of different programmes a separate department named „Tribal Rehabilitation in Plantation and Primit ive Group Programme‟ was created in October 1985. Several efforts fro m the Central government (through North Eastern Council), State government (agriculture, forest, animal husbandry, tribal welfare) depart ments, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), nongovernmental organizations, etc. are also being made through implementation of various programmes. But, the progress in rehabilitation of the jhu mias is very slow. In bo th South and North Tripura districts, the rehabilitated jhumias have again reverted to jhum. „Hunger‟ seems to play the key role behind such incidents. Lack of proper transport and communication, physiographical isolation, adequate technical know-how, market ing facilities along with their distressed economic condition are the prime h indrances for jhu mia rehabilitation. It is not possible to accomplish such rehabilitation programme single -handedly. Scientists, planners, policy makers, extension workers should join hands and work together. One should also keep in mind that jhumias need food, fibre, shelter and a secure future. Thus, care should be taken to see that these programmes continue not for a day or month but for several years; in the process, bondag e will be formed among the urban people, the workers and the jhumias. One of the most important and recent strategies adopted for Jhu mia rehabilitation in Tripura is the raising of rubber plantations. The rubber plantation project was conceived to provide a lucrative alternative to Jhum cu ltivation. By the time of the 9th five-year plan, the raising of rubber plantation had become one of the main strategies for rehabilitation of Jhu mias through the World Bank Aided India Rubber Project. Here the Central Govern ment, Rubber Board and Bank had come together to aid the Tripura government to raise rubber plantations and development itself as the “Second Rubber Capital of India”. The Tripura experiment is modelled on the experiences of the Kerela rubber economy, the Rubber for the Poor Project being one of the main efforts to provide tribal and other marginal farmers with a steady income. But in the process of doing this the marginal rubber farmers have been integrated into the global market and the large industria l sector as providers of labour and raw materials. India is the 3rd largest producer of rubber after the Thailand and Indonesia, of this 90% of the rubber is grown in Kerela. The 1980s had however seen the expansion of rubber into non -traditional zones of which Tripura was the most important. The rubber option looked attractive because it had the potential of providing Jhumias with a substantial inco me along with cash crops like pineapple and pepper wh ich were gro wn with it. This use of tilla or wastelands for cash crops would also enable the Tripura government to increase its revenue potential by tapping the large industrial and export markets. VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to Tripura Space Applications Centre, Agart ala, Tripura (West) for providing all facilities to carry out the study. The authors are also grateful to NRSC, Hyderabad and Depart ment. Of Agricu lture, Govt. of Tripura for provid ing support for this study. REFERENCES Journal Papers: [1] Myung-Hee JO, 1994." An Analysis of Shifting Cultivation Areas in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR, Using Satellite Imagery and Geographic Information Systems", Journal of the Korean Society of Remote Sensing,10(1), pp.43-53. [2] Myung-Hee Jo, 1993. "Preparation Of Thematic Maps for Nam Khane Watershed Management in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR, Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Geographical Review, Kyung PookNationaluniv., Vol. 12 -13 pp. 101-108. [3] Chaudhary, R.G, Dwivedi, R.N., Dutta, K.K., Sarma, B.K., Patel, C.S. & Prasad, R.N. 1993. Rice based farming of Apatani - an efficient indigenous system of hill farming. Indian Journal of Hill Farming. 6:93 -102. Banai, R. K., 1989. A new method for site suitability analysis: The analytic hierarchy process. Environment Management, 6, 685-693. [4] Brady, Nyle. “Alternatives to slash-and-burn: a global imperative.” Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 58 (1996): 3-11. [5] Conklin, H.C. “The Study of Shifting Cultivation.” Current Anthropology. Vol. 2, No. 1 (1961): 27-61. [6] Giardina, C.P., R.L. Sanford Jr., I.C. Dockersmith, & V.J. Jamarillo. “The effects of slash burning on ecosystem nutrients during the land preparation phase of shifting cultivation.” Plant and Soil. Vol. 220 (2000): 247-260 . Proceedings Papers: [7] Hansen, P. K. (1998b): Shifting cultivation development in northern Laos. Pp. 34-42 in: Chapman, E. C., Bouahom, B., & Hansen, P. K. (eds.) Upland Farming Systems in Lao P.D.R. - Problems and Opportunities for Livestock. Australian Centre for Intern ational Agricultural Research, Canberra. ACIAR Proceedings 87. 29