![WHAT IS RESEARCH ?
• Research
• The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc.
in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
• An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc. by the scientific
study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation
[Oxford Concise Dictionary]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/trwpresentation2-171123194000/85/Research-Technical-Report-Writing-2-320.jpg)
Research (Technical Report Writing)
- 1. RESEARCH By: Raj Kumar BE-(Electrical Engineering) Sukkur IBA University
- 2. WHAT IS RESEARCH ? • Research • The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions • An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc. by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation [Oxford Concise Dictionary]
- 3. WHY CONDUCT RESEARCH ? A Tool for Building Knowledge and Efficient Learning Research is required not just for students and academics, but for all professionals. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and online An Aid to Business Success Research benefits business. Many successful companies, such as those producing consumer goods or mass-market items, invest in research and development Important in School, College, University and Work Environment To better understand a Technical term or concept To resolve a problem To find out the solutions and different methods for any issue We may think the answer is obvious, common sense even We have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at best, intuition.
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH • Major Component for Reports • While writing Reports, Research is a important tool for both • Long Reports • Short Reports • Study Implications • Study should seek to contextualize its findings within the larger body of research • Always be of high quality in order to produce knowledge
- 5. REASONS FOR RESEARCH • Create Content • Support Content with Details, Quotes, Paraphrases and Summaries • Emphasize the Importance of an idea • Enhance the Reliability of an opinion • Show importance of a Subject to the larger Business Community • Address the Audience’s need for documentation and substantiation
- 6. RESEARCH TYPES • Secondary Research • Rely on already printed and published information taken from sources including • Books • Periodicals • Newspapers • Encyclopedias • Reports • Proposals • other Business documents
- 7. RESEARCH TYPES • Primary Research • Performed or generated by yourself • Rely on following source • Observations • Tests of Equipment • Laboratory Experiments • Parenthetical Citations
- 8. RESEARCH TYPES • Field Research • Type of Primary Research • Consists of Following • Survey or questionnaire • Face to Face Interviews • Using Social Media to collect information • Visiting Job sites
- 9. SURVEYING FOR PRIMARY RESEARCH • Schedule a convenient time for Interview • Explain why you need the Interview and Information • How long the survey should take • Come prepared • Create survey questions by using value-based scale as • 1 for Strongly Agree • 2 for Agree • 3 for Disagree • 4 for Strongly Disagree • Ask Participants for permission to use their responses • Thank the Participants
- 10. SURVEY USED TO CONDUCT PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 11. USING SOCIAL MEDIA FOR RESEARCH • Social Media provides an almost instantaneous focus group in the following ways • Monitor Customer Comments • Pose Research Questions • Develop Info-Graphics • Research the Latest News • Get Quotes to Support your Ideas • Access Academic and Research Blogs
- 12. RESEARCH WRITING CRITERIA • Recognize your Audience • High-Tech • Low-Tech • Lay • Use of Effective Style (appropriate to your reader and purpose) • Most Formal (Organized and Informative) • Using effective formatting Techniques • Overall Organization • Internal Organization • Parenthetical Source Citations • Works Cited-documentation
- 13. THE WRITING PROCESS • Prewriting • Examine Purpose and Goals • Consider Audience • Gather Data • Writing • Organize the Draft according to logical Sequence • Format Content to allow for ease of access • Rewriting • Revise • Proofread
- 14. THE WRITING PROCESS • Revise • Add Missing Details • Delete Wordiness • Simplify Word Usage • Enhance the Tone • Reformat Text • Practice the Speech • Proofread • Correct Errors
- 17. PREWRITING RESEARCH TECHNIQUE 1. Select General Topic • May be Technical Term, Phrase, Innovation or Dilemma 2. Spot-Check Errors • Use Pro-Quest, Infotrac etc. 3. Establish a Focus 4. Research the Topic Books Periodicals • Indexes to General , Popular Periodicals Examples • Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature • Periodicals Research I or II • Ebscohost • SIRS Researcher (emphasizes social issues) • Newsbank (Emphasizes newspaper articals)
- 18. PREWRITING RESEARCH TECHNIQUE • Indexes to Specialized , Scholarly or Technical Periodicals Example • Applied Science & Technology Index • Business Periodicals Index • ABI / Inform • General Science Index • Social Sciences Index • ERIC (Education Resources Information Centre ) • MEDLINE • PsycINFO • NEXIS/LEXIX • Sirs(social Issues Resources)
- 19. PREWRITING RESEARCH TECHNIQUE Internet • Directories • Search Engines • Metasearch Engines
- 20. 5. Read Your Researched Material And Take Notes 6. Isolate the main points 7. Write a statement of purpose 8. Create an out line PREWRITING RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
- 21. PARENTHETICAL SOURCE CITATIONS 1.APA Format (Psychological Association Association) 2.CSE (council of Science Editors) 3.MLA (Modern Language Association)
- 22. TANDS FOR AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION A STYLE TO AID IN THE FORMATION OF PAPERS PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE MECHANICS OF WRITING, INCLUDING ASPECTS OF PUNCTUATION, QUOTATION, AND THE DOCUMENTATION OF SOURCES A FORMATE/METHOD OF IDENTIFYING THE SOURCES USED TO WRITE A PAPER APA (American Psychological Association citation)
- 23. Reference in text (when the text as a whole needs to be cited) Last name (year of publication) Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula. Reference in text (when only part of the text, such as an idea or a quote from a specific page, needs to be cited) Last name (year of publication, page number) lRowling (2005, p.189) • Parenthetical Citations—One Author
- 24. When a work has two authors, always cite both authors. Reference in text Last names of authors separated by “and” (year of publication) Rowling and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new curricula. When a work has three or more authors, always cite all the authors the first time the text is used. Thereafter, use the first author’s last name followed by et al. Omit year upon third time citing source. Reference in text Last names of authors separated with and before final name, (year of publication) Rowling, Dowling, Benis, George, and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new curricula. Rowling et al. (2005) argue . . . Rowling et al. argue . . . • Parenthetical Citations—More than One Author
- 25. When a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the word “Anonymous.” (Anonymous, year) Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during the summer months (Anonymous, 2007, pp. 89-96). Italicize the title of a book or periodical. (Title of Book, or Title of Periodical, year, page number) Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (New Yorker, 2007, p. 97). In most other cases, use double quote marks around the title, publication year, page number (“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number) Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77). • Parenthetical Citations—Works Without an Author
- 26. STANDS FOR MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION A STYLE TO AID IN THE FORMATION OF PAPERS MLA STYLE IS AN ACCEPTED WAY TO DOCUMENT SOURCE MATERIAL FOR MANY TYPES OF HUMANITIES DOCUMENTS. IT IS SIMPLER THAN SOME OTHER STYLE GUIDES, SUCH AS THE APA STYLE AND CSE STYLE PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE MECHANICS OF WRITING, INCLUDING ASPECTS OF PUNCTUATION, QUOTATION, AND THE DOCUMENTATION OF SOURCES •MLA (Modern Language Association)
- 27. INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME AND PAGE NUMBER OF THE REFERENCE EXAMPLE: WORDSWORTH STATED THAT ROMANTIC POETRY WAS MARKED BY A "SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL FEELINGS" (263). • CITING REFERENCES (TEXT) IN MLA
- 28. AUTHOR’S LAST NAME COMES BEFORE THE GIVEN NAME OR INITIAL TO FACILITATE ALPHABETIZING USE THE NAME EXACTLY AS IT APPEARS ON THE TITLE PAGE OF THE SOURCE’S NAME. IF THE BOOK IS THE WORK OF AN AGENCY INSTEAD OF AN INDIVIDUAL, THE NAME OF THE AGENCY TAKES THE PLACE OF THE AUTHOR’S NAME. THE TITLE AND THE SUBTITLE OF THE BOOK ARE UNDERLINED. • CITATION FOR Single Author
- 29. FOR MLA: INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME AND PAGE NUMBER OF THE REFERENCE FOR APA: INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME, THE DATE OF PUBLICATION, AND THE PAGE NUMBER OF THE REFERENCE • DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APA AND MLA (IN TEXT)
- 30. “ ” FOR (QUOTATION) • IN MLA:SHORT QUOTATIONS, FEWER THAN 4 COMPLETE LINES, ARE IN THE TEXT ENCLOSED BY QUOTATION MARKS. • LONGER QUOTES ARE DOUBLE INDENTED, SINGLE SPACED, AND ONLY USE QUOTATION MARKS USED BY THE AUTHOR • IN APA:Short quotations, fewer than 40 words, are in the text enclosed by quotation marks. • Long quotations of 40 or more words are displayed in a double-spaced block of typewritten lines with no quotation marks. • It is indented five spaces from the left margin.