RESEARCH writing and introduction to ...
- 1. RESEARCH
- 2. Research - is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. 2
- 3. Basic Research - Systematic inquiry aimed to improve educational theories and practices for an enhanced understanding or prediction of phenomena and observable facts without specific applications towards educational process or products (Cornell Law School) - DM_s2018_097 3
- 4. Action Research - Classroom or school based systematic inquiry and reflection specifically conducted to improve educational practices or resolve problems in classrooms and schools - DM_s2018_097 4
- 5. Kinds of Research 1. Action Research -deals with solving a problem -contextualized; doesn’t need much RRL -usually has “Project” in its title 2. Basic Research -any research that do not deal with solving a problem -explore/assess/examines/identify -needs RRL -usually it leads to project/plan/program/activity 5
- 7. Parts of Research 2. Basic Research Proposal Template 7 2 pages 4 pages 1/2 page 1/2 page 2 pages 1 page 1 page 1 page 2 pages Total = 14 pages* *Disclaimer: Estimate only. May be altered due to the nature of research topics.
- 8. Parts of a Basic Research Proposal First 4 parts
- 9. Parts of Basic Research Introduction and Rationale (BR) -Ano ang dahilan kung bakit ka nananaliksik? research gap? contradicting findings? -Bakit mahalaga ang topic na napili mo? (need, problem) -Ano ang sabi ng ibang studies/literature tungkol sa topic mo? 9
- 12. Parts of Basic Research Literature Review (BR only) - Balikan ang Research Title. -Ano-ano ang variables? -Bakit mahalaga? Dito kayo kukuha ng explanation sa Results & Discussion Ex. Relationship Between Students’ Academic Performance and Teachers’ Sense of Humor 12 1. Students’ Academic Performance 2. Teachers’ Sense of Humor 3. Relationship Between these 2 Factors
- 13. Parts of Basic Research Literature Review (BR only) -Ex. Evaluation of Students' Performance in the Physical Education and Health of Senior HIgh School Students Students’ Performance in PE Health of SHS Students Students’ Performance in PE & Health of SHS Students 13
- 14. Parts of Basic Research Literature Review (BR only) -Ex. Public School Teacher as Researcher: Exploring the Teacher's Perception, Difficulties and Motivation in Writing Research Teachers’ Perceptions about Research Teachers’ Difficulties in Research Teachers’ Motivation in Writing Research 14
- 15. Parts of Basic Research Research Questions (BR & AR) -It should be related to the Title -’Wag maglalagay ng RQs na masasagot na agad Ex. What is the LOA in Mathematics V during the 1st quarter? (Masasagot na agad kahit hindi i-research) 15
- 16. Parts of Basic Research Research Questions (for Basic Research) -It varies depending on what the researcher needs to know. -Do not write questions that can readily be answered. -Do not ask for the demographic profile when you will not really use them. 16
- 17. Parts of Basic Research Research Questions (for Basic Research) Sino ang may karapatang magtanong ng demographic profile? -Yung naghahanap ng relationship….ng variables -Yung naghahanap ng mga factors mula sa demographic profile -yung magko-correlation at magre- regression analysis 17
- 18. Parts of Action & Basic Research Tell me if we need to ask for the demographic profile of the respondents in the Research Questions. 1. Workplace Bullying and Quality of Work Life of Public Elementary Teachers 2. Relationship Between Demographics and Students’ Attitude Towards Research 3. Awareness Level of Educators and Grade 11 Senior High School Students on Child Protection Policy 18 No Yes No
- 19. Parts of Basic Research Scope and Limitations of the Study (Basic Research Only) -Who (respondents) -When and Where (Time and Place of the Study) -What (statement form of RQs) 19
- 20. Parts of Action & Basic Research Methodology -Kaugnay ng RQs -Paano mo sasagutin ang RQs? 20
- 21. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) -Sampling - Population, Sampling (Random, Purposive, Stratified, Convenience, Total Enumeration) - How many are you choosing? - You can compute this online: https://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm -Researchers usually use 95% confidence level, between 4%-8% confidence interval (margin of error) 21
- 23. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) Data Collection -How will you collect data? Interviews? Questionnaire? Online Forms? How many sessions? How long would it take for each sessions? Ethical Considerations -Consent forms? Protection of participants’ data? Observance of the Data Privacy Act of 2012? 23
- 24. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) -Data Analysis -independent sample t-test, ANOVA, spearman’s rho, chi-square, correlation, regression -no need to write the formula 24
- 25. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) - independent sample t-test - compares 2 groups on the mean value of a continuous - Ex. - RQ: Are male teachers more satisfied in their jobs than female teachers? - RQ: Does the elementary school heads spend more funds on office supplies than secondary school heads? Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=norKDF0MH0M 25
- 26. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) -ANOVA ○ -used to analyze the differences of three or more groups of data, to gain information about the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. 26
- 27. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) -ANOVA ○ One-way ANOVA – 1 independent variable ○ Ex. Are there any significant differences in LOA scores by grade levels (Elementary vs. JHS vs. Senior High)? ○ Independent variable? ○ Dependent variable? 27 grade levels LOA scores
- 28. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) ○ Two-way ANOVA – 2 independent variables ○ RQ: Are there any significant differences in LOA scores by grade levels (elementary vs. JHS vs. Senior High) and sex (male vs female)? ○ Independent variable? ○ Dependent variable? 28 grade levels and gender LOA scores Parts of Basic Research
- 29. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) ○ Spearman’s rho– assess if a relationship exists between 2 ordinal variables (ranks) Ex. Is there any significant relationship between the rankings in Mathematics and English? (1st , 2nd , 3rd and so on) ○ Chi-square – relationship of 2 categorical variables Ex. Is there is any significant relationship between the civil status and education levels of teachers? E.g. CS – 1- Single, 2-Married, 3-Divorce etc. EL - 1- Bachelor, 2- MA, 3 – PhD/EdD, etc. 29
- 30. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) ○ Correlation ○ degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related ○ usually used for continuous variables ○ the extent to which two variables move together ○ Ex. RQ: Is there a significant relationship between the scores in Mathematics and scores in English? 30
- 31. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) 31
- 32. Parts of Basic Research Methodology (BR) ○ Regression ○ allows you to examine the relationship between two or more variables of interest ○ impact of a unit change in the known variable (x) on the estimated variable (y). ○ Tells if the events occur together ○ RQ: Is there any relationship between the temperature in classroom and quiz scores in Math? ○ RQ: Is there any significant relationship between the average GPA of students in elementary and in high school? 32
- 34. Parts of Research 1. Action Research Proposal Template 34 2 pages 1/2 page 3 pages 2 page 1 page 1 page 1/2 page 1/2 page Total = 10 or more pages* *Disclaimer: Estimate only. May be altered due to the nature of research topics.
- 35. Parts of Action Research Title -Should contain the variables of your study -Doesn’t need to be too specific. You can specify in the Scope & Limitations section. -No need to add the name of school, school year -You can have your working title at first. -Your title will develop as you write your paper. -No need to add “Basis for…” -*Now: Acronyms are discouraged. 35
- 36. Parts of Action Research Context and Rationale (AR) -Ano ang sitwasyon sa school/district/division? -Ano ang problema sa sitwasyong ito? -Bakit kailangan ng pananaliksik sa sitwasyong ito? -Baseline data; based on current data and/or other previous researches -I-limit nyo na dito ang research locale dahil walang scope & limitations sa AR. 36
- 37. Parts of Action Research Research Questions (BR & AR) -It should be related to the Title -’Wag maglalagay ng RQs na masasagot na agad Ex. What is the LOA in Mathematics V during the 1st quarter? (Masasagot na agad kahit hindi i-research) 37
- 38. Parts of Action Research Research Questions (for Action Research) -’Wag na ding maglalagay ng about sa demographic profile kung di naman gagamitin sa analysis, esp. kung action research Ex. Project R.E.S.P.O.N.S.E.: Reinforcing and Enriching Students' Performance on Numeracy Skills Enhancement in Mathematics RQ 1: What is the demographic profile of the respondents? 38 WRONG
- 39. Parts of Action Research Research Questions (for Action Research) -For action research, there should be a main research question: Is there a significant difference between the scores before and after the intervention? 39
- 40. Parts of Action Research Research Questions (for Action Research) Ex. Project R.E.S.P.O.N.S.E.: Reinforcing and Enriching Students' Performance on Numeracy Skills Enhancement in Mathematics RQ 1: What is the level of the students’ performance in Mathematics before the implementation of Project RESPONSE? RQ 2: What is the level of the students’ performance in Mathematics after the implementation of Project RESPONSE? RQ 3: Is there any significant difference between the level of the students’ performance in Mathematics before and after the implementation of Project RESPONSE? 40
- 41. Parts of Action Research Proposed Intervention/Innovation/Strategy (For Action Research only) -Brief description of your intervention/innovation/strategy. -What is its difference from the old way you are solving the problem? -Activities? -How will you carry out these activities? -When will you carry them out? (e.g. 30 minutes MWF, 12:30 P.M. every Friday for 2 weeks) 41
- 42. Parts of Action & Basic Research Methodology -Kaugnay ng RQs -Paano mo sasagutin ang RQs? 42
- 43. Parts of Action Research Methodology (AR) -Participants - Who are the identified pupils/students experiencing the problem? -Ex. Problem: Reading Participants: All the pupils-at-risk in reading Kung 100 lahat ng non-readers at ‘di mo sila kaya lahat pabasahin, pwedeng mamili lang. No need to consider sampling kasi action research naman sya. 43
- 44. Parts of Action Research Methodology (AR) -Data Gathering -How will you collect data? Pre- and Post- test? Description of Pre- and Post- test? How did you implement the intervention/innovation/strategy? -Pag action research, huwag nang gagamit ng control group at experimental group dahil ang idea ng AR ay hindi ikumpara ang effectiveness ng intervention, kundi magsolve ng problem -Analogy: Kung may dalawang maysakit, bilang doctor, ibibigay mo lang ba ang gamot 44
- 45. Parts of Action Research Methodology (AR) -Pag ipinilit pa rin na magkaroon ng control group: Sa AR, ang control group ay yung pretest data. Ang experimental group ay pag nagawa na ang intervention, yun yung posttest data. 45
- 46. Parts of Action Research Methodology (AR) -Data Analysis -mean, MPS, paired sample t-test - Paired Sample T-Test tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w y8GVt7Ityk - no need to write the formula 46
- 47. Identifyin g a Research Question Tell me if it is an Action or Basic Research. 1. Project PICK-UP: Pupils' Intervention in Comprehension and Knowledge to Uphold Potentials 2. Project AIDali: Accuracy in Division Aided by Mathdali Video Presentation 3. Level of Anxiety and Attitude in Mathematics among the Grade 10 Students 47 Action Research Action Research Basic Research
- 48. Kinds of Research Tell me if it is an Action or Basic Research. 4. Project P.A.G.E. (Practicing and Achieving Grammar Excellence) 5. Evaluation of Students' Performance in the Physical Education and Health of Senior High School Students 6. Public School Teacher as Researcher: Exploring the Teacher's Perception, Difficulties and Motivation in Writing Research 48 Action Research Basic Research Basic Research
- 49. Kinds of Research Tell me if it is an Action or Basic Research. 7. My Home, My Parents and I: Parenting Styles Influence Incompliant Grades IV-VI Pupils Observed Behavior Inside the Classroom 8. Project CARES Reading Program 9. Project R.E.S.P.O.N.S.E.: Reinforcing and Enriching Students' Performance on Numeracy Skills Enhancement in Mathematics 10. Critical Description of Management of K to 12 and the Role of Parents in Some Selected Schools in Mendez, Cavite 49 Basic Research Action Research Action Research Basic Research