Review of behavioral study of structural elements through different destructive and non destructive testings

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 599
REVIEW OF BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
THROUGH DIFFERENT DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTINGS
Jay Jadav 1
, Tarak Vora2
1
Research Scholar, Marwadi Education Foundation, Gujarat, India
2
Associate Professor and head of Civil Engineering Department, Marwadi Education Foundation, Gujarat, India
Abstract
The current paper reviews different results for the techniques of condition assessment on the real structure as well as different
elements. Also comparison between different techniques has been taken into account for better precision and accuracy in the
results. More than one tests are taken into account for different parameters calculation.
Keywords: Condition assessment, destructive and non-destructive tests
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1. INTRODUCTION
Condition Assessment is a term that describes the
systematic and step by step evaluation of existing condition
of any structures that may vary in terms of their age design,
construction methods and materials. It is an important part
of Structural Health Monitoring. Also structural Health
Monitoring, it simply states the procedure of implementing a
damage detection and characterization strategy for Civil
engineering structures like a Buildings, Bridges, tunnels,
Dams and reservoirs etc. Process of applying a damage
identification strategy for aerospace, civil and mechanical
engineering infrastructure is alluded to as structural health
monitoring (SHM).
Here damage is defined as changes to the material or
geometric properties of these systems, including changes to
the boundary conditions and framework integration, which
antagonistically influence the framework's execution.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) in broad-spectrum is a
procedure targeted at providing precise and opportunate
information about the condition and performance of a
Structure. There can be two kind of process, either short
term (e.g. Repairs efficacy) or long term (monitoring
parameters continuously or periodically) process. Due to
new materials and technology are revealed, buildings get
higher, bridges get lengthier spans and designs of structure
become more ambitious, but multifaceted. In assessment of
these is an augmented requirement to offering both the costs
savings with regard maintenance and a securer environment
for by counteracting structural failures. India is being a
developing country has picked up the structural
developments counting the new technologies. India has a
rich culture and recorded foundation which is extremely
decently reflected in the changed measure of chronicled
structures. These structures are exceptionally well
constructed and have withstood the rest of time. However
because of their recorded significance, it gets to be critical to
evaluate wellbeing state of these structures, so that suitable
steps can be taken before it is too late that they fully
deteriorate.
Condition assessment are extremely important for the RCC
structure such as dams, bridges or Critical buildings or Long
lifeline structures such as Hospital, School buildings, Power
plants, etc and buildings with great public meeting like
Government administrative buildings, sports arenas,
stadiums, which could damage to great amount of people at
time and are something to be taken care on a regular basis, if
they bear any damage due to any disaster, either manmade
or natural. To keep a high level of structural security in facet
of durability, corrosion, electrical resistivity, cracking,
deflection etc and outcome of the infrastructure in each
country, a competent system for early and regular structural
valuation is straightaway a requirement. The quality
guarantee during and after the construction of new structures
and subsequently reconstruction processes and the
categorization of material properties and damage as a
function of time and environmental impacts is more and
more becoming a serious alarm. Non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods is having a huge potential to be part of such
a system. NDT methods in common are broadly used in
several industry branches. Aircrafts, chemical plants,
electronic devices, commercial buildings, bridges, nuclear
facilities and other safety critical installations are tested
consistently with fast and dependable testing technologies.
An assortment of advanced NDT methods are existing for
metallic or composite materials.
In recent years advanced various NDT techniques are used
for healthiness assessment of existing structures, have
become obtainable to concrete structures but not follow in
regular basis assessments or estimation of any structures. So
that the objective of this project to find out the existing
condition of the structure by various NDT methods and
Visual inspection it’s applicability, performance,

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availability, and restriction of NDT on structure. Even the
other aspect of the research dynamic analysis focuses on the
defects observed due to vibrations on the structures such that
before any calamity lives can be saved. These research
efforts try to be useful to our society and save and secure the
long life span structures like bridges, hospital, School,
government buildings, commercial buildings etc.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Mohammadreza Hamidian, M. M. Arabnejad Khanouki,
Ali Shariati, Hamid Sinaei, Karim Nouri and Ali
Toghroli made their research in structural health
supervising with the help of ultrasonic pulse velocity and
rebound hammer techniques. Studies were carried out in two
phases by designing various mix proportions for concrete
cubes in laboratory and also testing of the columns, beams
and slabs of an existing building using one of concrete mix
properties for accurate comparison. Tests on cube specimens
were made of concrete cube with 150 × 150 × 150 mm
dimensions. For having different mix design of concrete,
concrete mix proportion was made. The materials used for
the mix were river sand, OPC cement, crusher broken
granite coarse gathers of 10 and 20 mm size, super
plasticizer of poly carboxyl (PC) based for water reducing of
concrete mix. The NDT tests were carried out according to
ASTM (ASTM C: 597). The age of 7, 28 and 90 days for
concrete cubes were chosen by compressive testing
machine, SRH and UPV. These time periods were chosen
since the UPV and SRH tests were unaffected between 3
days to 3 months.
Correlation of Rebound Hammer vs UPV:
Even though SRH contributes the compressive strength but
UPV benefits to decide the density, uniformity and modulus
of elasticity of the concrete structures which are the factors
for permanency of the structures and also foretelling the
provision life of the structures but compressive strength is
one of the constraint which always has a prime importance
for determining the quality of the structure (Aydin and
Saribiyik, 2010; Oz and Turkmen, 2010). SRH gives the
surface hardness in turn being associted to the compressive
strength by the finest fitted curve equation as given in the
digital rebound hammer instrument but this curve needs to
be identical as local conditions. As SRH is very much
convenient for determining the compressive strength, a
correlation with UPV will be all that much supportive for
making the institutionalization of both NDT systems for
better precision. In Figure 3, a correlation is shown, between
compressive strength by SRH and UPV where a best fitted
or we can say finest fitted curve is drawn to show the
relation between these two values. There is no much variety
in the best fitted linear curve which demonstrates that for the
same UPV reading, there is a extensive variation of
compressive strengths which may be false. Hence, result of
SRH cannot be dependable only. It has to be auxilary
verified with UPV which contributes the actual quality of
the concrete.
Fig. 1 Correlation curve between UPV, SRH and actual compressive strength.
By having the experimental study, it is shown that a good
correlation exists between compressive strength, Schmidt
Rebound Hammer and ‘ultrasonic pulse velocity’. The
Schmidt Rebound Hammer offers a cheap, simple and fast
method of achieving concrete strength with accuracy of ±15
to ±20%. The ‘ultrasonic pulse velocity method’ is a
impeccable instrument for launching whether concrete is
undeviating. It can be utilized on both existing structures
and those under development. These relations permit the
potency of structural concrete to be forecasted within ±20%
in this case. The technique can be protracted to test
prevailing structures by captivating direct measurements on
concrete elements. The methods presented are simple, fast,
trustworthy and includes varied ranges of concrete strengths
and these techniques can be simply applied to concrete
varieties as well as prevailing concrete structures.

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Lokesh V, B. Shivakumara Swamy, S.Vijaya has
contributed their working for checking the soundness of RC
structures with the help of NDT approach. In their approach
three different methods have been taken into consideration.
The purpose of a non destructive test is to acquire an
approximation of properties of material by quantifying some
particular quantities which are empirically associated to it.
To make strength approximation, it is essential to discern
the relationship between the outcome of the non destructive
test and strength of material. The precision of interpretation
of outcomes relies directly on the correlation between
strength of material and measured quantity. Hence, the user
of NDT should have a perceptive of what amount is
measured by the test and how this amount is identified with
the quality of material. Test routines go generally in
unwavering quality and unpredictability. Thus, suitable
experience is essential in determination of the correct tests
and revises elucidation.
In the present paper, healthiness assessment methods such as
A) Rebar locator test B) Carbonation test and C) Half- cell
potential test are closely dissected to discover some basic
aspects of R. C. structure health monitoring.
2.1 Profometer/Rebar Locator:
It is used for sensing location and size of the reinforcement
and the concrete cover. This instrument is otherwise called
rebar locator. The technique is in light of estimation of the
change in electromagnetic field caused by the steel
embedded in the concrete. It is covered by BS 4408:1969-
Part1. The device is a convenient and helpful instrument,
regularly used to spot the fortification, with an electronic
showcase. The strategy is quick and gives truly exact results
if the support is not intensely congested. The supplies is
light and a solitary individual can perform the test.
2.2 Carbonation Test
Carbonation test was done on RC individuals at irregular
utilizing phenolphthalein indicator as a part of 0.1 N methyl
liquor answers for evaluate the degree of carbonation in
spread concrete. Carbonation of concrete happens when the
carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in the presence of
moisture, responds with hydrated bond minerals to create
carbonates, e.g. calcium carbonate. The carbonation
procedure is likewise called depassivation. Carbonation
infiltrates beneath the uncovered surface of concrete to a
great degree gradually. The time needed for carbonation can
be assessed knowing the concrete review and utilizing the
following equation:
t= (d/k)2
2.3 Half-Cell Potential:
Electrochemical Half-cell Potentiometer test gives a
quantitative appraisal of fortification corrosion more than a
wide territory without the need of real evacuation of the
concrete cover. The technique identifies the probability of
corrosion of steel however can't demonstrate the rate of
corrosion. Qualification can be made in the middle of
corroded and non-corroded areas by making estimations
over the entire surface. Corrosion analyzer is in light of
electro-concoction methodology to recognize corrosion in
the support bars of structure. Amid dynamic corrosion, the
steel-concrete framework in the strengthened concrete
component speaks to shortcircuited galvanic cell, with the
eroding territory of the fortification bar going about as the
anode, the passive surface as the cathode and concrete as
electrolyte. The abundance electrons produced amid
corrosion move through the concrete in the middle of anodic
and cathodic destinations, producing current which is joined
by an electric potential field encompassing the eroding bar.
equipotential lines intersect the surface of the concrete and
the potential at any point can be measured using the half
potential method.
Francesco NUCERA and Raffaele PUCINOTTI have
contributed their work by performing destructive as well as
non-destructive testing on an RC structure. The structure
assessed by them is actually The National Museum of
Reggio Calabria. The evaluation of in situ pressure quality
of a reinforced concrete structure assumes a key part in the
assessment of its wellbeing. The investigation of an
"ancient" structure is fascinating in light of the fact that
gives data about materials and innovations accessible at the
time of generation and the information of the primary
physical properties of concrete and its condition of
preservation. The portrayal of the materials used amid the
development of "ancient" or authentic structures, aftereffects
of principal significance when the structural safety or the
seismic damageability evaluation are lead in a reinforced
concrete (RC) building where the desolates of time don't
assent a right assessment of the mechanical attributes of the
materials. Additionally, these structures have frequently
awesome recorded significance. For them it is advantageous
to point of confinement the quantity of destructive testing
(cores).The utilization of non-destructive techniques is for
the most part legitimate just if a dependable connection for a
specific kind of concrete is created preceding the assessment
of the subject quality concrete. In this paper, the criteria and
the outcomes concerning a non-destructive examinations led
in situ on a critical authentic building, i.e. the Museum of
Magna Graecia in Reggio Calabria, are introduced.
A] Destructive Testing: Cylindrical cores, specimens, were
extricating from some structural component of Museum
with the goal to get a more advantageous correlation curve.
On the same examples, determination of the profundity of
carbonation has been completed. For cores separated from
inner columns the profundity of carbonation was around 2
cm, though this profundity was around 10 cm for cores
extricate from outside columns.
B] Non-destructive testing: In Non-destructive part base of
three methods have been shown such as surface hardness
method in which rebound hammer is selected another is the
Ultrasonic methods in which UPV and the combination of
method which is SonReb is performed.

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The result obtained by the performance is in the graphical format as follows:
Fig.2 Comparison among different non destructive methods
The roundabout determination of the really quality of the
concrete is an operation much sensitive. It must be done
with the due caution from skilled laborers of merged
experience. The rebound hammer system is not expected as
an option for quality determination of concrete. With
reference to the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity strategy, the
evaluation of the resistance of the corrupted concrete
consequences of troublesome arrangement on account of the
lacking sensibility of the ultrasonic speed in the field of the
low quality. The utilization of the joined strategies (SonReb)
expands the precision of the estimation of the in situ
compressive quality.
C.K.FAIZAL contributed his work for the element
examination. The enthusiasm for the capacity to screen a
structure and distinguish harm at the most punctual
conceivable stage is pervasive all through the civil,
mechanical and aerospace engineering communities.
Presence of structural harm in an engineering system
prompts adjustment of the vibration modes. These changes
are showed as changes in the modal parameters (natural
frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping qualities),
which can be gotten from aftereffects of element (vibration)
testing. Changes in the modal parameters may not be the
same for every mode since the progressions rely on upon the
nature, area and seriousness of the harm. This impact offers
the likelihood of utilizing information from element testing
to identify, find and measure harm. Modal parameters can
be effectively acquired from measured vibration reactions.
The reactions are procured by some type of transducer,
which screens the structural reaction to falsely prompted
excitation strengths or surrounding powers in the
administration environment. Low input energy levels are
sufficient to create measurable reactions since the input
energy is progressively increased.
Experimental modal examination (EMA) was utilized to
distinguish the modal parameters of the structure: the full
frequencies, modal damping ratios (MDR) and mode shapes.
Linearity of the structural conduct is one of the essential
presumptions of the technique. EMA can be utilized to
screen harm. Varieties of the full frequencies and mode
shapes are mostly because of changes of the worldwide and
local linear firmness properties, while the varieties of the
MDR's are connected with an increment of the internal
energy dissemination or weakening. Mode shapes are
acquired by investigation of the vibration reaction at
numerous areas. Their progressions are significant pointers
for harm observing, since they give local information.
In this project experimental and computational modal
analysis is carried over a 2m and 4m RC beams and
experimental mode shapes have obtained for a rectangular
hollow cross section steel frame. The modal frequencies
were calculated both experimentally using MATLAB by
Frequency Response Function The modal frequencies
obtained in1D and 3D differs considerably, this is due to
torsion effect consideration in 3D Modal analysis, whereas
in1D analysis it is not considered.
In the data acquisition process it is found that PZT yields
good results in comparison to that accelerometer and electric
strain gauge.
On 2m Reinforced Concrete Beam
Damage detection and condition assessment carried over the
2m beam using only modal displacements instead of
curvature and it has been found that the damage location can
be detected conveniently but the severity of the damage is
not properly quantified.

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Change in flexibility of the beam element has been found to
be in close approximation to locate the damage and the
intensity of the flexibility gives the severity of the damage
occurred.
On 4m Reinforced Concrete Beam
In the 4m beam, the curvature of the nodes of the beam
elements was used and the damage place and the
rigorousness of the damage in the beam were found to be
well correlated with actual observation.
Change in flexibility of the beam element under different
support condition was found according to damage location
which is checked through experimental pictures available.
On Steel Frame
The experimental mode shape found through the frequency
response function and by using the ICAT modeling software
under free suspended condition were not in close
approximation with those of computational mode shapes
obtained using ANSYS 9.0. This may due to the
approximation boundary condition adopted in computational
method.
3. DISCUSSION
In this study, different methods of destructive and non
destructive works are observed which by using on different
elements and real time structures quality results are
obtained. The use of combined method of rebound hammer
and ultrasonic pulse velocity demonstrates out to be good
for obtaining the precise result for the soundness as well as
ultrasonic parameters. Also the parameters of the
reinforcement are obtained with the help of half cell
potential as well as electrical resistivity. The combination of
rebound hammer and UPV is termed as SonReb testing.
Even the dynamic analysis of different sizing beams is done
by using the software’s such as mat lab and comparing it
with the analysis done in the ANSYS software. The
difference of percentage error between UPV and rebound
hammer is 15-20 %. Destructive testing is generally not
preferred too much as the aesthetics of the structure is
affected. Destructive tests are used for performing
carbonation tests, acid tests etc
4. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions were made from this Study:
Destructive as well as non destructive testings are performed
for the condition assessment of the structure. Numbers of
tests are performed for the quality results.
Single use of Rebound hammer is not appropriate as there is
15 to 20 % error in results might be obtained. Hence the use
of ultrasonic with rebound hammer proves out to be
effective for obtaining quality as well as precise results.
For observation of different aspects or say parameters
different types of tests are performed such as for
reinforcement results half cell potential as well as electrical
resistivity, for soundness of concrete rebound hammer, For
vibrational effects dynamic analysis are performed.
REFERENCES
[1] Guidelines on non destructive testing on bridges,BS-
109,august 2009.
[2] Guidebook on non-destructive testing of concrete
structures.
[3] IS 13311.1.1992 Non destructive testing by ultra
sonic pulse velocity.
[4] IS 13311.2.1992 Non destructive testing by rebound
hammer.
[5] Lokesh V, “STUDY ON SOUNDNESS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY
NDT APPROACH”, civil engineering dept.,AIT
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
[6] H.Watanabe, H.Koga, M.Nakamura and K..Ikawa,
“Half-cell potential measurements to assess
corrosion risk of reinforcement steel in a pc bridge”,
sacomatis -2008, International RILEM Conference -
1st
sep-2008.
[7] Mhammadreza Hamidian, Ali Shariati , M.M .
Arabnejad Khanouki , Hamid Sinaei , Ali Toghroli
and Karim Nouri , “ Application of Schmidt rebound
hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity techniques for
structural health monitoring” ,Scientific Research
and Essays Vol-7, 7th
jun-20
[8] Tamás K. Simon, Viktória Vass “THE
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF CONCRETE”,
International Journal of research in Engineering and
Technology, Vol-3 special issue 09,June -14
[9] Francesco NUCERA* and Raffaele pucinotti,”
destructive and non-destructive testing on reinforced
concrete structure: the case study of the museum of
magna graecia in reggio calabria” , mediterranean
university of Reggio Calabria, Italy-2006
BIOGRAPHIES
Jay Mukeshbhai Jadav was born in 1992
at Rajkot, Gujarat. He receives his
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil
Engineering from the Darshan College,
Gujarat Technological University in 2013.
At present he is Final year student of
Master’s degree in Structural engineering from Marwadi
Education Foundation Group of Institutions, Gujarat
Technological University
Prof. Tarak P. Vora an academician by
heart with a teaching experience of
thirteen years. He is pursuing his PhD in
Civil Engineering from Gujarat
Technological University. His area of
interest is experimental stress analysis,
FE Analysis, Structural Dynamics etc.

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