Review of Types and Analysis of Two Dimensional Bar Codes in Logistics and E-Commerce

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1020
Review of Types and Analysis of Two Dimensional Bar Codes in
Logistics and E-Commerce
Suraj1, Vanishree K2
1UG Student, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2Professor, Dept of Information Science and Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Barcodes are visual form of representing data in
machine readable form. The Quick Response(QR) codes are
machine readable two-dimensional matrix barcodes used for
hiding data. These QR codes are increasingly used in
ecommerce and day to day logistics for identificationofcodes.
Security of bar codes is becoming a top priority for the
concerned organizations carrying out ecommerce businesses.
As the QR code is very popular these days, their usability and
attacks on QR code are described. Further, different types of
barcodes are reviewed with the limitations. The scenarios are
identified where a certain barcode is more profoundly used.
The future enhancements for making QR codes more secure
includes making the codes dynamic i.e. capable of storing
changing information.
Key Words: Item, Manifest, Staging Area, Line Haul, Trips,
Bar code, QR Code
1. INTRODUCTION
Quick Response codes are used to encode information like
website URL, SMS message, vCard information,
alphanumeric, numeric etc. The bar codes are designed to
simplify the process to retrieve information by scanning the
code on the camera. In the case of airlines business, the data
leak of 4.5 million customers happened because of low
security in the Quick Response codes of users boarding
passes. The user’spersonal data wascompromised.QRcodes
are very popular because of their fastreadabilityandgreater
storage capacity compared to othertypesofcodes.Barcodes
are increasingly used in almost all industries these days.
Thus the research on this topic is being conducted by us, to
make them more secure and reliable and can be used as per
the requirement in different scenarios. In logistics they play
a crucial role in transportation of the items and packages.
They are widely used in logistics because they are easily
generated and easy to read at any stages without affecting
the actual package. The Security of Quick Response (QR)
codes is becoming a major issue these days, due to
technological advancements and rapid growth in the field of
media and communication. It is really challenging to keep
the data secure in the field of logistics where the items keep
moving from one pallet to another in a rapidly fast manner.
2. USABILITY OF QR CODE
Static QR codes are non-modifiable after publishing. These
are non expirable. Thus they are generally used to store non
changing data. The data is not ingrained in the dynamic QR
codes, thus the information stored inQRcanbechangedafter
publishing. It takes the user to a location which can be
changed. Dynamic QR codes allow tracing the scanning
metrics like device, location and time of the scanner. QR
codes foundspecialrelevanceintheCovidPandemicenabling
users to perform touchless retrieval of information.
There are multiple resources businesses can access that will
allow them to insert a landing page URL and createaQRcode
that will direct users to that URL with the click of a button.
Nowadays the hotel menus, restaurants booking and entry
passes for various events all are done using the scanning of
QR codes through their handheld devices. But using this as
leverage some attackers falsify the QR and hijack the devices
and steal the personal information and use it for bad
intentions.
QR codes in the different aspects of business use cases have
risk associated with the informationstored.Inordertotackle
the risk, there are multiple algorithms introduced in the
improvement of QR codes and better security measuressuch
as digital signatures for watermarking and reduction of
duplication of QR codes, Reed Solomon Correction Method
algorithm to scan QR for partially visible QR code.
3. TYPES OF ATTACKS ON QR
In the following, we consider the foremost prominentattack
scenarios for QR codes and discuss to what extent we are
able to prevent them. Phishing: during a barcode phishing
attack, the attacker tries to urge sensitive information like
the login details and also the mastercard number of a user
by, e.g., encoding a malicious Web address inside the
barcode that redirects the user to a fake online page which
appears very just like the legitimate one. Malware
propagation: it's discussed howQRcodesmaybeutilizedby
attackers to redirect users to malicious sites that silently
install malware by exploiting vulnerable applications on the
device. this can be typically done through an exploit kit that
fingerprints the device and selects the suitable exploit and
malware.Barcodetamperingandcounterfeiting: SinceQR
codes will be wont to provide information a couple of good,

an attacker can benefit by pasting a fake QR code so as to
advertise false products information or false special offers
during which the adversary will sell another product to the
victims. SQL and command injections: The study refers to
automated systems using the knowledge encodedwithinthe
barcodes to access an on-line database. If the string within
the barcode is appended to the query without proper
sanitization, the attacker may easily trigger a SQL injection
attack. Cross-site scripting attacks (XSS): Mobile apps are
often supported Web technology and this might allow
malicious JavaScript code to be injected into trusted HTML
pages, and executed within the app, for instance when the
server doesn't sanitize the user data that's rendered in a
very page. Reader applications attacks: During the
installation process, many barcode reader applications
enkindle full permissions to access user’s resources like the
device location, the contact list andthereforethephotos.just
in case of a vulnerability which will be triggered by an
acceptable crafted barcode, the attacker would get access to
personal user’s data. Discussion: Enhancing QR codes with
digital signature prevents the above attacks only if it's outof
the question for an attacker to perform a legitimate
signature. In an open environment this may be hard to
attain, since a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), like the one
for the HTTPS protocol, would be at risk of the “HTTPS
phishing problem”, i.e., attackers that have a sound
certificate and use names the same as the one in every of
legitimate entities. However, in an exceedingly
closed/controlled environment, the reader may be
configured to only recognize internal certificates and
verifying the signature would prove the trustworthiness of
the QR code content. as an example, a supermarket with its
own app may well be configured to only use the
supermarket’s public key for signature verification.
4. PROPOSED USAGE METHOD
In this section we study the usability of QR codes supporting
the various scenarios, there are 31 forms of QR codes
available. like QR code for websites should be generated for
under a span of your time to avoid unnecessary attacks and
phishing. The QR reader then analyzes the QR code by
breaking the full thing all the way down to a grid. it's at the
individual grid squares and assigns all a worth supported
whether it's black or white. It then groups grid squares to
make larger patterns. In terms of logistics the various QR
codes of various colors may be used to support the priority
and therefore the security aspect, like using the redcolor QR
code to spot the high risk item during transportation. We
will use multiple link QR code to redirect to multiple links
and used for various purposes to realize the various tasks.
QR chaining will be accustomed avoid the direct access of qr
for the attacker, authenticationofQR data isextremelytough
to realize nowadays, so as to attain we are able to add the
digital signature by the assistance of personal key and also
the people can access it using the general public keys hench
we will assure the authenticity of knowledge of QR. We will
add other cryptography methods to make them safer like
using the digital signature and digital fingerprint using the
opposite encryption techniques and secure the information
forms of QR codes will be used are.
QR code - this refers to the initial version of the qr code
created by Denso Wave within the 1990s. itis easytospotby
its three finder patterns within the bottom–left,top–left,and
top–right corners. Dynamic QR codes allow for expiration of
QR after using for a prespecified number of times.
Aztec code - Similar to QR codes, the Aztec code was
developed by Welch Allyn. It has one finder pattern, right
within the middle. Aztec code can encode modules in the
range from 15 x 15 to an upper limit of 151 to 151 modules.
If Aztec code utilizes its maximum storage capacity of 151 x
151 modules it can encode 3000 characters and around
3750 numerical digits. These codes do not support Kana or
Kanji characters unlike QR codes which support them. Aztec
codes are typically employed for use in airline tickets, travel
documents, vehicle registration, in hospitals for patient,
medication or sample identification .
Maxi code - This kind of QR code is employedbytheUSpost.
It's almost like the Aztec code therein; it places the finder
pattern within the middle, but it uses a honeycomb pattern
rather than squares. Maxi codescanbescannedaccuratelyin
fast motion also(e.g in conveyor belt), and are capable of
encoding numbers and letters. It can encode a maximum of
93 characters of data.
PDF417 - Invented in 1991 by Ynjiun Wang of Symbol
Technologies, the oddly named PDF417 predates the QR
code by three years. It's sort of a mix between a QR code and
a barcode and is well recognizable by its rectangular shape.
PDF417 consists of a set of linear codes stacked together to
give a two dimensional outlook. The name is so because it
has 4 bars, each of 17 units length. It can have a maximum of
929 code words out of which 900 words are for data and
remaining 29 for functions like shifting between significant
modes. These find applications where it's required to store
complex data information in a barcode such as images and
high graphic data. It takes upto mode space than other two
dimensional barcodes.Tilted scanner might not be abe to
decode correct information form PDF417.

Semacode - Developed by a software company of the
identical name, the Semacode may be a data matrix that
appears lots like a standard QR code but doesn’t have
recognizable finder patterns. Data Matrix is 30% to 60%
more spatially efficientforencodingthesamedata compared
to QR Codes. Semacode uses Data Matrix for encoding.
Semacode tags are put on posters of concerts to direct
scanners to the web page to book tickets. Semacodetagsand
mobile phones used together enable multilingual exhibition
systems: Once the tag is scanned, it sets a languagecookie on
the phone's browser. Subsequently tag scans direct the
phone browser to a web page about the item, displayed in
the user's language of choice.
We can generate the precise kinds of QR using the open
source QR generation libraries, by providing the various
parameters like height, width, length, background color,
error correction factor, output formats like bitmap, vector,
etc, border, version range, masking pattern and error
correction level. These differing kinds of QR codes are often
employed in the various scenarios like qr codes in sales and
marketing, qr codes for coronavirus tracing, qr codes on
product packaging, qr codes in industry, QR codes in postal
services, qr codes in education,qrcodesforsharingcontacts,
QR codes for wedding invitation, qr for social media handler,
QR code for audio file. The morecomplextheconfigurationis
employed to get the qr makes it safer. The QR codes which
store the private information during logistics should be
terminated as soon as the operations are going to be over,
the qr code should be proper mechanism to handle the QR
codes after using it for the particular purpose.
5. ANALYSIS AND RESULT
The outcome can be measured on the basis of readability
range, efficiency, security, size, uniqueness, etc. Readability
is measured in terms of the maximum distance and
minimum distance required to scan the QR code by the
scanning device. Nowadays Qr codes are used day to day for
payments. The systems are growing complex day by day.
These payment QR codes need to be reliable and secure in
order to avoid the loss. After the covid outbreak theuseof qr
codes rapidly increased in all areas across the industries
particularly in the field of online payments as shown in the
graph below.
The growth of the uses of Qr codes is rapidly increasing
because of its advantages. In the field of ecommerce the
importance of QR codes is also growing because of high
demand in the market. By using the safety measures we can
avoid the loss due to Qr code based attacks.
There is a need for uniqueness of QR codes because of
multiple items moved on the basis of qr codes and there is
very less possibility of failure, to avoid the catastrophic
events. These Qr codes are becoming famous because of
their high availability and easy readability. The possibilities
to enhance QR codes security are by educating users, use of
dynamic QR codes, increasing error correction level and
usage of softwares for scanning and authenticating the QR
codes. Great emphasis needs to be given on securing the
code on generation and scanning the code.
6. CONCLUSION
In this research we find that there are various types of
barcodes dedicated for use invarioussituations basedon the
need, along with the rapid usage the security aspect is also
growing rapidly to tackle the technological advancement of
today's world. The usage of QR codes in the ecommerce,
especially in the payment section has grown more than any
other segment’s and it also ensures security by using these
techniques we have proposed. Same goes for logistics and
ecommerce the safety of personal information of customers
should be top priority of the organization's using QR codes
for day to day activities. Thus this study will help all
industries understand the possible usability scenarios of
available barcodes and their limitations in certain cases
REFERENCES
[1] Shuang Zheng, Linfan Zhang “Enhancing QR Code
Security”, Thesis, School of Health and Society
Department Design and Computer Science, 2015
[2] Overview 2D Barcode Symbologies”, https://www.tec-
it.com/en/support/knowbase/barcode-overview/2d-
barcodes/Default.aspx
[3] Sangeeta Singh, “QR Code Analysis”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and
Software Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue. 5, May 2016.

[4] Supriya Chavan, Sujata Gadakh, Gholap Kanchan , Sorte
Surabhi , D. V. Shinkar “QR code Authentication System
for confidential (digital Mark sheet) Encrypted data
hiding and retrieval (Decryption)” International Journal
of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering , 4 April 2016
[5] K. Li, F. Meng, Z. Huang, Q. Wang, “A Correction
Algorithm of QR Code on Cylindrical Surface”, IOP Conf.
Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, Vol. 1237, Issue
2, pp. 1-6, 2019.
[6] Wang, J. Xu, J. Zhang, G. Li, X. Wang, “Motion Deblur of
QR Code Based on Generative Adversative Network”,
2nd International ConferenceonAlgorithms,Computing
and Artificial Intelligence, Sanya, China, 20- 22
December, 2019.
[7] Y. He, Y. Yang, “An Improved Sauvola Approach on QR
Code Image Binarization”, IEEE 11th International
Conference on AdvancedInfocommTechnology(ICAIT),
Jinan, China, 18-20 Oct., 2019.
[8] L. Xu, J. Jia, “Two-Phase Kernel Estimation for Robust
Motion Deblurring”, European ConferenceonComputer
Vision - ECCV 2010: Computer Vision - ECCV, pp. 157-
170, 2010.
[9] S. Li, J. Shang, Z. Duan, J. Huang, “Fast Detection Method
of Quick Response Code Based on Run-Length Coding”,
IET Image Processing, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 546- 551,
2018.
[10] “QR Codes in Shipping and Logisitics Company”,
https://scanova.io/blog/qr-codes-shipping-and-
logistics/

Review of Types and Analysis of Two Dimensional Bar Codes in Logistics and E-Commerce

More Related Content

Similar to Review of Types and Analysis of Two Dimensional Bar Codes in Logistics and E-Commerce (20)

More from IRJET Journal (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Review of Types and Analysis of Two Dimensional Bar Codes in Logistics and E-Commerce