![References
[1] 7th International IEEE conference on E-
Commerce Technology 2005
[2] The 2004 IEEE International Conference on
e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service
(EEE-04)
[3] Klaus Finkenzeller, RFID handbook, John
Wiley and Sons, 2001
[4] Materials from Internet](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rfid-240404024724-72abfbe4/85/RFID-RADIO-FREQUENCY-IDENTIFICATION-PPT-41-320.jpg)
RFID RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION ..PPT
- 2. RFID- Radio Frequency Identification SEMINAR PRESENTED BY SAILAJITH LAL.L
- 3. Introduction • Works on the principle of bi-directional radio frequency communication. • An Alternative for barcode and optical technologies. • Automatic Identification.
- 4. Object • To carry data in suitable transponder (Tag) and to retrieve the data by machine readable means satisfy particular application need. • Communicating the data between the tag and reader
- 5. What is RFID? • Stands for Radio Frequency Identification • Uses radio waves for identification • One form of Automatic Identification • Provides unique identification an object.
- 6. RFID – What is it? • Radio Frequency Identification Device • Holds a small amount of unique data – a serial number or other unique attribute of the item • The data can be read from a distance – no contact or even line of sight necessary
- 7. Working of RFID A RFID system has three parts: • A transponder – the radio frequency tag- that has been programmed with information. • A scanning antenna • A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data
- 9. RFID System
- 10. Modulation • The process of superimposing the data up on a carrier wave for its transfer between the communicating components through the separating medium- air. • Amplitude shift keying - ASK • Frequency shift keying - FSK • Phase shift keying - PSK
- 11. Encoding • The various encoding algorithm methods select on the basis of • Cost of implementation • Band width
- 12. Wireless communication • The data communication is wireless and the types of RFID based on communication pattern are • Inductive coupling • Propagation Coupling.
- 13. Inductive coupling • Operate on the principle of resonance. • Inductive coupled TAGS are passive. • Single micro chip and large area coil function as antenna. • Operate at low and medium frequencies.
- 16. Propagation Coupling • It use electric field propagation properties of radio signal to convey energy and data to TAG and data from the TAG. • Propagation coupled TAGS may be either passive ( no battery) or active ( battery powered). • TAGS can be programmed by the reader. • Used at high frequencies and increased range.
- 19. Carrier frequency • The radio frequency communication channels is on the basis of frequency allocation and is generally controlled by govt. with different part of the electromagnetic spectrum being assigned to different purpose. • For RFID, frequency ranges are generally classified as Low, Medium and High.
- 20. Data transfer rate and bandwidth • The rate of data transfer between the TAG and READER is influenced by the frequency of carrier wave used to carry the data . • The higher the frequency, higher the data transfer rate. • The bandwidth available within the frequency spectrum needs to be at least twice the bit rate required for the application.
- 21. Frequency Bands Frequency Band Characteristic s Typical Application Low 100-500 KHz Inter mediate 10-15 MHz High 850-950 MHz 2.4-5.8 GHz Short to medium read range, low reading speed Short to medium read range, potentially inexpensive, medium reading speed Long read range, line of site required, expensive Access control Animal identification Inventory control Access control Smart Cards Rail road car monitoring, toll collection systems
- 22. Transponder / TAG • Derived from Transmitter / Responder. • It responds to a transmitted request for data, by the READER . • They are fabricated as low power integrated circuits suitable data transfer and power generation ( for passive TAG ) • The TAGS are distinguished entirely by the manner in which the device derives its power.
- 23. Tag is a device used to transmit information such as a serial number to the reader in a contact less manner Classified as : Passive – energy from reader Active - battery Semi-passive – battery and energy from reader RFID Tag
- 24. Types of RF Tags • Active Tags • Passive Tags • Semi Passive RF Tags • The first function of the reader is to activate the TAG in the reading volume by creating an electromagnetic field.
- 25. Active RFID Tags • Battery Powered tags • More expensive • Shorter life span
- 26. Passive RFID Tags • Tag contains antenna and a small data chip • Tag is powered by the electromagnetic field generated in doorways, reflecting back a weak signal containing data
- 27. RFID Tag Attributes Active RFID Passive RFID Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using RF from reader Tag Battery Yes No Availability of Power Continuous Only in field of reader Required signal strength to Tag Very Low Very High Range Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually less
- 28. Range and Power Levels of RFID The range that can be achieved in an RFID system is essentially determined by: • The power available at the reader/interrogator to communicate with the tag(s) • The power available within the tag to respond • The environmental condition and structures, the former being more significant at higher frequencies including signal to noise ratio.
- 29. How far can a passive tag be read? Assume distance limited by power available to run the tag’s circuits. meters in distance MHz) (915 frequency meters/s 10 3 (meters) wavelength dBi) (1 gain antenna tag dBi) (6 gain antenna reader watt) (1 power nsmit reader tra needed) W (100 tag to available power 4 8 2 2 2 r f x c f c G G P P r G G P P T R R T T R R T
- 31. EPC Code • 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits) • Header – defines data type (8 bits) • EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (34 bits) • Object Class - Could describe the product type (20 Bits) • Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (34 Bits)
- 32. Supply Chain – Global Vision
- 33. RFID Uses • Retail & Distribution • Contact less Payment • Keyless Entry • Livestock Tagging • Pharmaceuticals • Logistics Assets (containers, trailers) • Pet Identification
- 34. Animal Identification Standards • International standard 134.2 kHz – ISO 11784: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” – code structure – ISO 11785: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” – Technical concept – ISO 14223: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” – Advanced transponders • U.S. standard 125 kHz • At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water
- 35. RFID Security and Privacy Threats • Security threats to the RFID system • Privacy threats by the RFID system
- 36. Security Threats to RFID • A competitor or thief performs an unauthorized inventory of a store by scanning tags with an unauthorized reader to determine the types and quantities of items leading to information disclosure. • An attacker modifies the EPC number on tags , tampering data, in supply chain disrupting business operations and causing a loss of revenue. • An attacker modifies a high-priced item’s EPC number to be the EPC number of a lower cost item.
- 37. Privacy Threats by RFID • A bomb in a restaurant explodes when there are five or more Americans with RFID-enabled passports detected. • A fixed reader at any retail counter could identify the tags of a person and show the similar products on the nearby screen to a person to provide individualized marketing. • A sufficiently powerful directed reader reads tags in your house or car.
- 38. EPC vs. UPC (Barcodes) • Both are forms of Automatic identification technologies • Universal Product Code (UPC) require line of sight and manual scanning whereas EPC do not • UPC require optical reader to read whereas EPC reader reads via radio waves • EPC tags possess a memory and can be written while UPC do not • EPC tags cost 5 cents, UPC tags cost 1/10 cent
- 39. Advantages of RFID RFID systems offer a number of advantages over current ID systems such as barcodes or magnetic cards. These include; • Hands Free Operation • Write Ability • Security • No need for intrinsic energy source • Adaptability • Noncontact, non-line of sight nature of technology
- 40. Summary • RFID will rapidly expand as the cost of tag will reduce over time. • Industry experts predict substantial growth in material. • RFID will be next technological wave for automatic data capture industry
- 41. References [1] 7th International IEEE conference on E- Commerce Technology 2005 [2] The 2004 IEEE International Conference on e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service (EEE-04) [3] Klaus Finkenzeller, RFID handbook, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 [4] Materials from Internet