Rice_storage systems and its technology.ppt
- 1. Rice Storage Systems Joe Rickman and Martin Gummert, Agricultural Engineering, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines
- 2. Outline of today • Discussion on storage • Fill hermetic storage system • Evaluate a seed store • Determine density of different products • Make small seed store • Take grain samples and analysis for insects • Discuss pest management in storage • Set up some seed germination tests • Seal grain ready for fumigation
- 3. Rice production • World – 589 million tons • Asia - 534 million tons • Bag storage - 500 million tons (Total world cereal and pulse production 2,075 million tons)
- 4. Present situation Between 25-50% of the total grain value (quantity+quality)is lost between harvest and consumption in developing countries
- 5. Quantity Losses in Cambodia (88 on farm studies) Post-harvest stage Mean (%) Range (%) Cutting 3.0 2.2 – 3.8 Transportation 3.6 2.0 – 5.2 Threshing 1.6 1.0 – 2.2 Drying 2.0 1.0 – 2.0 Storage 10.7 3.5 – 18.0 Milling 14.7 7.5 – 22.0 TOTAL 35.6 17.2 - 53.2
- 6. Reasons for post harvest losses 1. Poor product coming into storage 2. Poor storage management 3. Poor quality paddy + poor milling techniques
- 7. What is required of a good storage system • Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after drying • Protection from insects, rodents and birds • Ease of loading and unloading. • Efficient use of space • Ease of maintenance and management.
- 8. Present on farm storage situation in Asia
- 10. Granary (Laos)
- 11. Woven Basket ( Cambodia)
- 17. Summarizing existing on farm storage situation • Grain is stored in open systems in bags or open granaries • Grain is exposed to insect,rodent and bird attacks • High equilibrium moisture content >14.0 • Grain is not always protected from rain
- 18. Farmers Present Practices 1. Sell excess immediately after harvest (indebted or poor storage) 2. Dry grain to 10-11% before storage 3. Take grain out and re-dry during storage period 4. Store seed in “sealed” containers
- 19. Present commercial storage situation in Asia
- 20. Commercial bag storage system • Open to atmosphere – moisture uptake, – pest problems • Store in batches • Clear headways and walkways • Relatively easy to fumigate
- 21. Commercial Bulk Storage • Not popular in Asia • Efficient use of space • Easy to control pests?- sealed for fumigation • Less problems with rodents and birds
- 22. Commercial hermetic system • Grain stored in bags • Protected against moisture uptake and insects • Rat and pig damage? • Use as harvest management aid • Need O2 monitoring • Big potential in Tropical areas • 5-300 metric tons
- 23. Sealed Systems tested by IRRI
- 24. Parameters evaluated 1. In store atmosphere (02) 2. Grain moisture content 3. Seed germination 4. Insects 5. Grain quality 6. Farmer uptake
- 25. Storage atmosphere (0xygen level) O2 (%) Days 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 20 40 60 80 100 Claypot 200 l drum 25 l drum
- 26. Storage atmosphere after opening 0 6 12 18 24 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Storage time (days) Oxygen concentration (%)
- 27. Storage atmosphere Plastic pouches (3kg) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Days Oxygen Content (%) Normal plastic Vacuum pouch
- 28. Moisture levels in stored grain 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 10 20 30 40 50 Storage period (weeks) % Moisture content control Hermetic cooled
- 29. Live Insect Counts (Insects/ kg) Months Open Storage (bags) Hermetic (5 ton) Hermetic (small) Cold room Air conditioner 0 3.2 8.8 7.4 8.4 3 234 0 1.4 0 1.6 6 114 0.4 1.6 0 3.0 9 54.4 0.4 1.2 0 3.4 12 27.2 2.2 1.2 0 9.0 8.4
- 30. Germination: certified seed 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Storage period (weeks) % germination (at 10 days) Hermetic control Cooled Chilled
- 31. On farm Storage Bangladesh (7 months) Germination (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Farmer 1 Farmer 2 Farmer 3 Farmer 4 Farmer 5 Traditional Hermetic
- 32. Head Rice Yields (whole kernel) 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 3 6 9 12 Months of storage Head rice yield (%) Hermetic Open Storage
- 33. Grain Whiteness Index 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Open Hermetic A/C Cold Room Storage treatment Whiteness index Start 3 months 6 months 15 months 18 months
- 34. Hermetic storage: Works for 3kg “plastic bags” – 50ton Cubes Reduces insects activity (1/kg) Constant grain moisture content Increases the life of seed from 6 months to 12 months Maintains milling quality, Protects grain from birds and rodents? NEXT STEP Summary of results
- 35. Adoption by farmers Problem • Farmers will not share a larger storage system • Farmers will not invest in large storage systems • Needs to fit into existing system
- 36. Solution- Turn 50kg bag into a hermetic system
- 37. Characteristics needed of a storage bag • Capacity 0.08 cubic meter (50kg) • Low O2 permeability • Low water vapor permeability • High puncture strength • High tensile strength • Cost $ US 1/bag
- 38. “Plastic” Liner bag • Fits into existing system • Reusable if not punctured • Easily sealed • Use for all grain crops • Reasonable cost
- 39. Storage at IRRI Seed • Air conditioned room Grain • Hermetic storage (longer than 1 month) • Open pallets (less than 1 month) 50kg woven plastic bags
- 40. Storage Hygiene • Keep storage areas clean. • Clean storage rooms after they are emptied • Placing rat-traps and barriers in drying and storage areas. Cats deter and help control rats and mice • Inspect storage room regularly to keep it vermin proof. • Inspect the stored seeds once a week for signs of insect infestation.
- 41. The End •
- 42. PPTW - Storage activities • Determine density of paddy, husk, milled rice, bran • Evaluate seed storage systems at IRRI • Load and sealing 5 t hermetic storage system (2 groups) • Make small seed storage system (1 per group) • Sample seed store and set up germination test • Sample stored grain and identify insects • Seal grain storage system ready for fumigation
- 43. Evaluating a seed store Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Grain Protection Moisture content Insects Rodents Birds In store Hygiene Storage above floor (pallets) Clearways (0.5m) Batch storing Clean Management strategies Store cleaning after season Bags cleaned, dipped Fumigation options