RM5. Research Design, Sampling.ppt
- 1. CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN
- 2. HOW TO CHOOSE FROM THE DIFFERENT RESEARCH METHODS Selecting the correct type from the different research methods can be a little scary, at first. There are so many factors to take into account and evaluate. The research question, ethics, budget and time are all major considerations in any design. This is before looking at the statistics required, and studying the preferred methods for the individual scientific discipline.
- 3. PLANNING THE RESEARCH DESIGN After the researcher has formulated the research problem, the research design must be developed, which is a kind of Master Plan, specify the methods, and procedure for collecting and analyzing the needed information that is the plan of action for the research project. Investigator must specify the sources of data and techniques (because you cannot put the same shoe on every foot), such as: Surveys or Experiments
- 4. Appropriate research design Four basic methods for descriptive and causal research: ďSurveys ďExperiments ďSecondary data analysis, and ďObservation techniques Once the appropriate design has been determined, the researcher moves on to the next steps: Sampling
- 5. The process of using a small number of items or parts of a larger population to make conclusions about the whole population Sample: A subset, or some part of a larger population Population: A complete group of entities sharing some common set of characteristics Sampling
- 6. Sampling Following steps must follow to conduct fieldwork: ďDefine the target population: Who is to be sampled? ďThe sampling frame: How big should the sample be? List of elements from which the sample may be drawn? ďHow the sample units are to be selected? ďPlan and procedure for selecting sampling units. ďDetermine sample size ďSelect actual sampling units ďConduct field work
- 7. Determine sampling procedure Sampling procedure must outlined in the research design. A brief sample designs is as follows: Deliberate sampling Simple random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Quota sampling Cluster sampling and area sampling Multi-stage sampling Sequential sampling
- 8. Different types of research designs have different advantages and disadvantages The design is the structure of any scientific work. It gives direction and systematizes the research. The method you choose will affect your results and how you conclude the findings. Most scientists are interested in getting reliable observations that can help the understanding of a phenomenon. There are two main approaches to a research problem: 1. Quantitative Research 2. Qualitative Research
- 9. 1. Descriptive Statistics Used to describe data such as mean, median and standard deviation are the main descriptive statistics 2. Inferential Statistics Sample statistics to the population parameters 3. Test Statistics Mathematical methods for describing and analyzing the psychometric properties of tests and other instruments Types of Statistical Analysis
- 10. Preparing the research design The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. But how all these can be achieved depends mainly on the research purpose. Research purposes may be grouped into four categories: (i) Exploration, (ii) Description, (iii) Diagnosis, and (iv) ExperimentationâŚ.
- 11. The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves usually the consideration of the following: (i) the means of obtaining the information; (ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any); (iii) explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be organized and the reasoning leading to the selection; (iv) the time available for research; and (v) the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose.