Robotics: Current Topics
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This document discusses the key factors that contributed to the recent boom in deep learning. It identifies better neural network algorithms/techniques, large datasets, massive parallelization using GPUs, and industry investment as major enabling factors. In particular, it highlights how the availability of large, labeled datasets like ImageNet; developments in CNNs, autoencoders, and other neural network architectures; the use of GPUs to enable efficient parallel training; and large-scale research at tech companies like Google were central to recent advances in deep learning.
Robotics: Current Topics
- 1. Robotics: Current topics Sabbir Ahmmed Robotics and Biology Laboratory
- 2. Promise, frustration and pessimism Image source: https://www.slideshare.net/hyderabadscalability/geeknight-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning
- 3. Deep Learning - from Bust to Boom ► Until recently neural networks were all but shunned ► General AI vs Narrow AI ► Key factors that contributed to deep learning boom • developments within neural networks and ML domain • developments around it Image credit: https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/07/29/whats-difference-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-deep-learning-ai/
- 4. Outline - key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 5. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 6. Better Algorithms ► ANNs– essentially new configurations of ANNs • CNNs, • DNNs, • DBNs, • RNNs, • LSTMs, • GANs • Autoencoder ► Activation functions – e.g. • Rectifiers ► Regularization techniques • Dropout
- 7. Better Algorithms - ANN Bengio, Y. (2009). "Learning Deep Architectures for AI" ► Autoencoder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoencoder
- 8. Better Algorithms - ANN ► Autoencoder PCA Autoencoder Image source: https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/science.pdf
- 9. Better Algorithms - activation function ► Rectifier • the rectifier is, as of 2015, the most popular activation function for deep neural networks • was first introduced to a dynamical network by Hahnloser et al. in a 2000 paper Xavier Glorot, Antoine Bordes and Yoshua Bengio (2011). Deep sparse rectifier neural networks
- 10. Better Algorithms – regularization technique ► Dropout Srivastava et al (2014) Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting
- 11. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 12. Big Data Image source: Baidu, https://devblogs.nvidia.com/parallelforall/cuda-spotlight-gpu-accelerated-deep-learning/ , http://adilmoujahid.com/posts/2016/06/introduction-deep-learning-python-caffe/ ► Deep learning needed big data ► Big data needed deep learning
- 13. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 14. Large High Quality Labeled Datasets Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database, www.image-net.org/ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine_learning_research
- 15. Large High Quality Labeled Datasets ► MNIST - comprising a mix of handwritten digits ► A team led by Yann LeCun released the MNIST database in 1998 ► Since become a benchmark for evaluating handwriting recognition. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database
- 16. Large High Quality Labeled Datasets ► ImageNet • Started by Fei-Fei Li in 2007 (Stanford) • One of the largest high-quality image datasets in the world • As of 2016, over ten million URLs of images have been hand-annotated • One million of the images, bounding boxes are also provided • Crowdsourced the annotation process https://www.ted.com/talks/fei_fei_li_how_we_re_teaching_computers_to_understand_pictures#t-1066204 Image credit: www.image-net.org/
- 17. Major Milestone (2012) ► Google Brain Project* Le et Al (2012) - Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning
- 18. Major milestone (2012) Image credit: https://medium.com/@johnsmart/your-personal-sim-pt-4-deep-agents-understanding-natural-intelligence-7040ae074b71 ► The Google Brain project
- 19. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 20. Massive parallelism Image credit: https://medium.com/@johnsmart/your-personal-sim-pt-4-deep-agents-understanding-natural-intelligence-7040ae074b71 ► Even the most basic neural networks are very computationally intensive ► Many algorithms were already parallelized ► Bryan Catanzaro in NVIDIA Research teamed with Andrew Ng’s team at Stanford to use GPUs for deep learning ► 12 NVIDIA GPUs could deliver the deep-learning performance of 2,000 CPUs ► Researchers at NYU, the University of Toronto, and the Swiss AI Lab accelerated their DNNs on GPUs
- 22. GPU ► It’s all about scale (Baidu Research) 1 million connections (2007) 10 million connections (2008) 1 billion connections (2011) 100 billion connections (2015) CPU GPU Cloud GPUCloud CPU Image source: NVIDIA GPUs: a Winning Trend
- 23. Major milestones (1998/2012) Image Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture29-convolutionalneuralnetworks-visionspring2015-150504114140-conversion-gate02/95/ lecture-29-convolutional-neural-networks-computer-vision-spring2015-27-638.jpg?cb=1430740006
- 24. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 25. Programmability & Accessibility Open source platforms Image credit: NVIDIA, Kaggle, Github.com, Silicon Valley Data Science (SVDS.com)
- 26. Outline – key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ► Big data ► Large, high quality labeled datasets ► Massive Parallelization/GPU ► Programmability & Accessibility ► Industry driven research
- 27. Industry driven research ► "At the time I joined Google, the biggest neural network in academia was about 1 million parameters, At Google, we were able to build something one thousand times bigger.“ - Andrew Ng ► "I'd quite like to explore neural nets that are a thousand times bigger than that" - Geoffrey Hinton Source: Steve Omohundro, What’s Happening with AI? (2016) Slides
- 28. Industry driven research ► Deep Learning Race Source: https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/the-different-ways-that-internet-giants-approach-deep-learning-research-753c9f99d9f1
- 29. Discussion – importance ranking of key factors ► Better NN/ML algorithms/techniques ** ► Big data *** ► Large, high quality labeled datasets *** ► Massive Parallelization/GPU **** ► Programmability & Accessibility ** ► Industry driven research **
- 30. Reference ► Bengio, Y. (2009). "Learning Deep Architectures for AI" ► Xavier Glorot, Antoine Bordes and Yoshua Bengio (2011). “Deep sparse rectifier neural networks” ► Le et Al (2012) - Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning ► Xavier Glorot, Antoine Bordes and Yoshua Bengio (2011). Deep sparse rectifier neural networks ► Srivastava et al (2014) Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting ► http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-98.pdf ► Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever and Geoff Hinton (2012) ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ► http://cs231n.github.io/convolutional-networks/#case ► Steve Omohundro, What’s Happening with AI? (2016) Slides