Role of bees’ sleep in memory processing
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This document discusses research on the role of sleep in memory processing in honey bees. It finds that sleep deprivation impairs bees' ability to consolidate extinction learning of olfactory cues and navigate to unfamiliar locations. Presenting context odors during bee sleep enhances memory retention. Sleep deprivation also impairs the precision of bees' waggle dances used to communicate location information. Recordings show increased brain activity in sleeping bee brains. The research establishes bees as a model for studying links between sleep, learning, and memory.
Role of bees’ sleep in memory processing
- 1. Role of Bees’ Sleep in Memory Processing ENT- 891- Doctoral Seminar (0+1) KARTHIKEYAN, S (2015 800503) Ph.D., Scholar, Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore.
- 3. OUTLINE Bees’ sleep Sleep and memory processing Case studies Effects Sleep on olfactory memory Effects Sleep on navigation memory Effects Sleep on waggle dance Effects of context odour presentation in sleep Electrophysiology of Sleep and brain activity Conclusions 3
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- 5. Circadian Clock and Sleep Role of circadian clock in bees Anticipate day–night fluctuations Time visits to flowers Time compensation when referring to the sun in dance Regulation of sleep Molecular characterization suggests the clock of the bee is more similar to mammals Rothschild and Bloch (2008)5
- 6. “‘Hard-eyed’ creatures and insects manifestly assume the posture of sleep; but the sleep of all such creatures is of brief duration, so that often it might well baffle one’s observation to decide whether they sleep or not.” Do bees sleep? 6 (Aristotle, On Sleep and Sleeplessness 350 BC)
- 7. Yes they do! It seems……. Honey bees are the first invertebrates for which a sleep-like state was described (Kaiser, 1983) Characteristic posture • Flex legs • Bringing its head to the floor • Antennae stop moving • Hold each others legs as they sleep Reduced muscle tonus Elevated response threshold (Piéron, 1913) Sleep rebound after sleep deprivation (Sauer, 2004)7
- 8. Sleep stages in bees IA-Immobile-active state FS- First sleep stage SS-Second sleep stage TS-Third sleep stage Rothschild and Bloch (2008)8
- 9. Sleep in Task- Based Castes (Age Polyethism) Klein et al., (2008) 9
- 10. Bees’ Sleep Vs Mammalian Sleep Characteristic posture Reduced muscle tonus Elevated response threshold Sleep rebound after sleep deprivation Persistence throughout life Bees’ sleep+ SWS and REM sleep MammalianBee 10
- 11. Sleep Function Energy conservation Restoration at the cellular and network levels Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis Memory consolidation Rothschild and Bloch(2008) Research confirms, there is strong link between learning, memory and sleep (Rasch and Born, 2013) 11
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- 13. Storage Memory process Encoding Consolidation Retrieval s l e e p New memories are labile Sleep period strengthens or modifies memory13 s l e e p
- 14. Well documented for humans (Born et al., 2006) Mammals (Siegel, 2005; Capellini et al., 2009) Birds (Jackson et al., 2008) Sleep in Memory Processing 14
- 15. 15
- 17. Navigation Memory • RFID was used to record flights and behavior • RFID bees behaved normally • Bees released to unknown site • Then those bees reached hive are sleep deprived • And released from same site 17
- 18. Menzel et al., (2012) 18
- 19. Sleep and Navigation Memory Bees transferred to an unknown release site Sleep deprived: ~50% reached hive Sleep group: 1st Release 58%, 2nd Release 83% Menzel et al., (2012) 19
- 20. Sleep Duration and Navigation Task Bees slept longer during the night following forced navigation tasks Not due to exhaustion Distance didn’t affect sleep time during night Menzel et al., (2012) 20
- 22. Classical Conditioning (CC) / Pavlov’s CC Over the period of time US CS Extinction Learning (EL) Continuous CS without US CC Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Proboscis Extension Response (PER) No PER Concepts of Learning sucrose sucrose 22
- 23. Classical Conditioning (CC) / Pavlov’s CC Over the period of time US CS Extinction Learning (EL) Continuous CS without US CC Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) No PER Concepts of Learning sucrose sucrose 23 Proboscis Extension Response (PER)
- 24. Sleep deprivation affects extinction but not acquisition memory in honeybees • Sleep deprivation had no effect on retention scores after odor acquisition • Whereas, retention for extinction learning was significantly reduced • Hence, consolidation of extinction memory was affected by sleep deprivation but not acquisition memory Hussaini et al., (2009) 24
- 25. Sleep and Olfactory Memory Hussaini et al., (2009) sucrose 25
- 26. Context Odour Presentation during Sleep 26
- 27. Context Odour Presentation during Sleep Enhances Memory Zwaka et al., (2015 ) 27
- 28. Presentation of the Context Odour in Deep Sleep Improves Retention after Single-Trial Learning Zwaka et al., (2015 ) 28
- 29. Context Odour Vs Novel Odour Zwaka et al., (2015 ) 29
- 30. Presentation of the Context Odor in Wake Phases Does Not Improve Retention Zwaka et al., (2015 )30
- 32. Sleep deprivation impairs precision of waggle dance Slept bees (n = 7) SD of dance angles (13.78 ± 0.91) Sleep deprived bees (n = 6) SD of dance angles (16.49 ± 0.98) One angle per bee per day Greater the SD of dance angles; lesser the directional precision Klein et al., (2010) 32
- 33. Bees’ Sleep and Brain Activity 33
- 34. Electrophysiology of Bees’ Sleep • Neuronal activity recorded in brain regions including the mushroom bodies • Nocturnal resting periods - the overall spike activity was markedly increased • Periodical variations of spike rate were present when no visible antennal movements occurred • Rhythmic brain activity in sleeping bees Schuppe, (2015 ) 34
- 35. Conclusions Sleep has an absolute role in memory processing Honey bees an attractive model to study sleep, memory and learning in a natural context Small brain (with about 1 million neurons) Smart learners Learning is reinforced during sleep – humans? BEES’ MAGIC WELL IS NOWHERE NEAR EMPTY 35
- 36. References Beyaert, L., Greggers, U., Menzel, R., 2012. Honeybees consolidate navigation memory during sleep. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 3981–3988. Eban-Rothschild, A.D., Bloch, G., 2008. Differences in the sleep architecture of foragerand young honeybees (Apis mellifera). J. Exp. Biol. 211, 2408–2416. Hussaini, S.A., Bogusch, L., Landgraf, T., Menzel, R., 2009. Sleep deprivation affects extinction but not acquisition memory in honeybees. Learn. Mem. 16, 698–705. Menzel, R., 2012. The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 758–768. Klein BA, Olzsowy KM, Klein A, Saunders KM, Seeley TD (2008) Caste- dependent sleep of worker honey bees. J Exp Biol. 211:3028– 3040. Eban-Rothschild, A. D., Bloch, G. (2012) Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Honey Bees, chapter 1.3., p. 31-46 in “Honeybee Neurobiology and Behavior: A Tribute to Randolf Menzel”. Kaiser, W. 1988 Busy bees need rest, too-behavioural and electromyographical sleep signs in honeybees, J. Comp. Physiol. 163: 565–584. 36
Editor's Notes
- #8: Elevated response threshold-higher intensity stimulus is needed to produce a response
- #9: [IA] – an awake bee stays in the same place, the thorax, abdomen, and head are clearly raised above the substrate. [FS] – the abdomen and thorax are clearly raised above the substrate, and the antennae are extended at an angle of 90–180°, between the pedicle and the scape. [SS] – body is typically more adjacent to the substrate, and the antennae are extended at an angle of ~90° between the pedicle and the scape. [TS] – the muscle tonus is reduced, and the body is adjacent to the substrate. The angle between the pedicle and scape < 90°, with the antennae tips typically touching the substrate.
- #10: 3 days as a cell cleaner, 4–12 of as a ‘nurse bee’, 13–20 as a ‘food storer’
- #14: (I) Encoding - up-take of the information to be stored into a neural representation. (II) Consolidation - stabilization of the memory that follows encoding and enables the retention of a memory over time. In the absence of such consolidation the information would be rapidly forgotten. Forgetting can result from a decay of the memory trace or from retroactive interference as the encoding of new information leads to an overwriting of the information encoded before. (III) Retrieval of the stored information refers to the reactivation of a stored memory in the context of more or less goal-directed behavior.
- #15: IMM-intermediate and medial mesopallium, unknown locus termed S
- #19: The bee in A was trained to a feeder close to the hive (distance 10m), The two bees in B and C were trained to a feeder 200m east of the hive. The small triangles indicate colored tents serving as radartransparent landmarks