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RTD Temperature Sensors
T h e m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n a r e f o r t h e u s e o f D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s
a n d c u r r e n t e m p l o y e e s a s a r e s o u r c e o n l y . T h e y m a y n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d , p u b l i s h e d , o r t r a n s m i t t e d
e l e c t r o n i c a l l y f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e C o m p a n y ’ s n a m e , l i k e n e s s , p r o d u c t n a m e s , a n d
l o g o s , i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e s e c o m p i l a t i o n s m a y n o t b e u s e d w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c , w r i t t e n p r i o r p e r m i s s i o n f r o m
D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
© C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 5 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s o f f e r s m a n y t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r i n g p r o d u c t s
t h a t u s e R T D ’s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t
 D w y e r a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e s a w i d e
v a r i e t y o f t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s o r s
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 R T D ’s a r e b a s e d o n t h e p r i n c i p a l t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e o f
t h e w i r e i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , w i t h t h e r e s i s t a n c e
i n c r e a s i n g a s t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s
 T h e r e s i s t a n c e v a r i e s n e a r l y l i n e a r l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e p e r t h e
C a l l e n d a r Va n - D u s e n e q u a t i o n
 T h e w i r e u s e d i n R T D ’s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t i s u s u a l l y
c o n s t r u c t e d o f p l a t i n u m , c o p p e r, o r n i c k e l
 P l a t i n u m i s t h e b e s t m a t e r i a l a s i t h a s t h e w i d e s t u s e f u l
t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e w h i l e h a v i n g a v e r y r e p e a t a b l e a n d l i n e a r
t e m p e r a t u r e t o r e s i s t a n c e c o r r e l a t i o n
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 T h e r e t h r e e m a i n t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f R T D ’s : t h i n f i l m , w i r e -
w o u n d , a n d c o i l e d e l e m e n t s
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 I n t h i n f i l m , t h e c o n d u c t o r i s d e p o s i t e d a s a t h i n f i l m o n a
c e r a m i c s u b s t r a t e
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 I n w i r e w o u n d , a f i n e w i r e i s w o u n d a r o u n d a n i n s u l a t o r, t y p i c a l l y
a g l a s s o r c e r a m i c b o b b i n , w i t h a s e a l c o a t i n g o f c e r a m i c a n d
g l a s s
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 I n c o i l e d e l e m e n t s , t h e w i r e c o i l c a n e x p a n d f r e e l y o v e r
t e m p e r a t u r e
 T h e m a n d r e l i s m a d e o f a n i n s u l a t o r t h a t
h a s h o l e s b o r e d t h r o u g h i t f o r t h e
w i r e s e n s i n g c o i l s
 T h e c o i l s a r e p a c k e d w i t h c e r a m i c p o w d e r
t o h o l d t h e c o i l s i n p l a c e , b u t a l l o w
f r e e d o m t o e x p a n d a n d c o n t r a c t
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 C i r c u i t s s i m i l a r t o a W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e a r e b u i l t i n t o c o n t r o l s f o r
u s e R T D ’s
 R T D ’s c o m e i n 2 , 3 , a n d 4 w i r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s
w i t h t h e m o r e w i r e s g e n e r a l l y b e i n g m o r e
a c c u r a t e
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 T h e l e a d s t o t h e R T D i n a t w o - w i r e c i r c u i t h a v e a r e s i s t a n c e o f
t h e i r o w n t h a t i s n o t a c c o u n t e d f o r a n d c a n
c r e a t e s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r
 A 3 0 m e t e r l e a d w i r e c a n a d d 1 t o 5 o h m s t o
t h e c i r c u i t
 Ty p i c a l l y t h i s t y p e o f c i r c u i t c a n b e u s e d
w i t h u p t o 1 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 T h r e e - w i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n m o d i f i e s t h e W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e c i r c u i t
b y a d d i n g a n o t h e r l e a d w i r e f r o m t h e R T D m i n i m i z i n g t h e e f f e c t s
o f t h e l e a d r e s i s t a n c e s
 T h e l e a d s a r e m a t c h e d s o t h a t t h e r e s i s t a n c e s a r e a l l e q u a l a n d
t h e r e s i s t a n c e i n e a c h a r m o f t h e b r i d g e
b a l a n c e s o u t
 Ty p i c a l l y t h i s t y p e o f c i r c u i t c a n b e u s e d
w i t h u p t o 6 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 F o u r - w i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e s t h e e r r o r d u e t o
l e a d w i r e r e s i s t a n c e a n d c a n b e u s e d
w i t h e x t e n d e d l e n g t h l e a d w i r e s
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 O f t e n R T D ’s a r e s h e a t h e d i n a t h i n w a l l e d s t a i n l e s s t u b e f o r
p r o t e c t i o n a n d f o r e a s i e r i n s e r t i o n i n t o t h e r m o w e l l s
RTD Temperature Sensors
O v e r v i e w
 R T D ’s a r e w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t o r t h e y c a n
b e e x t e n d e d w i t h i n s u l a t e d e l e c t r i c a l c o p p e r w i r e
 S e n s o r w i r e s s h o u l d n e v e r b e r u n i n c o n d u i t
w i t h p o w e r s o u r c e s o r t h e r e c o u l d b e
n o i s e p r o b l e m s
 C o m m o n l y a n R T D i s w i r e d i n t o a
t e m p e r a t u r e t r a n s m i t t e r w h e n s e n d i n g
t h e s i g n a l a l o n g d i s t a n c e

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RTD Temperature Sensors

  • 1. RTD Temperature Sensors T h e m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n a r e f o r t h e u s e o f D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s a n d c u r r e n t e m p l o y e e s a s a r e s o u r c e o n l y . T h e y m a y n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d , p u b l i s h e d , o r t r a n s m i t t e d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e C o m p a n y ’ s n a m e , l i k e n e s s , p r o d u c t n a m e s , a n d l o g o s , i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e s e c o m p i l a t i o n s m a y n o t b e u s e d w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c , w r i t t e n p r i o r p e r m i s s i o n f r o m D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . © C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 5 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
  • 2. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s o f f e r s m a n y t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r i n g p r o d u c t s t h a t u s e R T D ’s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t  D w y e r a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e s a w i d e v a r i e t y o f t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s o r s
  • 3. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  R T D ’s a r e b a s e d o n t h e p r i n c i p a l t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w i r e i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , w i t h t h e r e s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s i n g a s t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s  T h e r e s i s t a n c e v a r i e s n e a r l y l i n e a r l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e p e r t h e C a l l e n d a r Va n - D u s e n e q u a t i o n  T h e w i r e u s e d i n R T D ’s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t i s u s u a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d o f p l a t i n u m , c o p p e r, o r n i c k e l  P l a t i n u m i s t h e b e s t m a t e r i a l a s i t h a s t h e w i d e s t u s e f u l t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e w h i l e h a v i n g a v e r y r e p e a t a b l e a n d l i n e a r t e m p e r a t u r e t o r e s i s t a n c e c o r r e l a t i o n
  • 4. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  T h e r e t h r e e m a i n t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f R T D ’s : t h i n f i l m , w i r e - w o u n d , a n d c o i l e d e l e m e n t s
  • 5. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  I n t h i n f i l m , t h e c o n d u c t o r i s d e p o s i t e d a s a t h i n f i l m o n a c e r a m i c s u b s t r a t e
  • 6. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  I n w i r e w o u n d , a f i n e w i r e i s w o u n d a r o u n d a n i n s u l a t o r, t y p i c a l l y a g l a s s o r c e r a m i c b o b b i n , w i t h a s e a l c o a t i n g o f c e r a m i c a n d g l a s s
  • 7. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  I n c o i l e d e l e m e n t s , t h e w i r e c o i l c a n e x p a n d f r e e l y o v e r t e m p e r a t u r e  T h e m a n d r e l i s m a d e o f a n i n s u l a t o r t h a t h a s h o l e s b o r e d t h r o u g h i t f o r t h e w i r e s e n s i n g c o i l s  T h e c o i l s a r e p a c k e d w i t h c e r a m i c p o w d e r t o h o l d t h e c o i l s i n p l a c e , b u t a l l o w f r e e d o m t o e x p a n d a n d c o n t r a c t
  • 8. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  C i r c u i t s s i m i l a r t o a W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e a r e b u i l t i n t o c o n t r o l s f o r u s e R T D ’s  R T D ’s c o m e i n 2 , 3 , a n d 4 w i r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w i t h t h e m o r e w i r e s g e n e r a l l y b e i n g m o r e a c c u r a t e
  • 9. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  T h e l e a d s t o t h e R T D i n a t w o - w i r e c i r c u i t h a v e a r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e i r o w n t h a t i s n o t a c c o u n t e d f o r a n d c a n c r e a t e s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r  A 3 0 m e t e r l e a d w i r e c a n a d d 1 t o 5 o h m s t o t h e c i r c u i t  Ty p i c a l l y t h i s t y p e o f c i r c u i t c a n b e u s e d w i t h u p t o 1 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e
  • 10. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  T h r e e - w i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n m o d i f i e s t h e W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e c i r c u i t b y a d d i n g a n o t h e r l e a d w i r e f r o m t h e R T D m i n i m i z i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e l e a d r e s i s t a n c e s  T h e l e a d s a r e m a t c h e d s o t h a t t h e r e s i s t a n c e s a r e a l l e q u a l a n d t h e r e s i s t a n c e i n e a c h a r m o f t h e b r i d g e b a l a n c e s o u t  Ty p i c a l l y t h i s t y p e o f c i r c u i t c a n b e u s e d w i t h u p t o 6 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e
  • 11. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  F o u r - w i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e s t h e e r r o r d u e t o l e a d w i r e r e s i s t a n c e a n d c a n b e u s e d w i t h e x t e n d e d l e n g t h l e a d w i r e s
  • 12. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  O f t e n R T D ’s a r e s h e a t h e d i n a t h i n w a l l e d s t a i n l e s s t u b e f o r p r o t e c t i o n a n d f o r e a s i e r i n s e r t i o n i n t o t h e r m o w e l l s
  • 13. RTD Temperature Sensors O v e r v i e w  R T D ’s a r e w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t o r t h e y c a n b e e x t e n d e d w i t h i n s u l a t e d e l e c t r i c a l c o p p e r w i r e  S e n s o r w i r e s s h o u l d n e v e r b e r u n i n c o n d u i t w i t h p o w e r s o u r c e s o r t h e r e c o u l d b e n o i s e p r o b l e m s  C o m m o n l y a n R T D i s w i r e d i n t o a t e m p e r a t u r e t r a n s m i t t e r w h e n s e n d i n g t h e s i g n a l a l o n g d i s t a n c e