The document discusses several properties of numbers: the commutative, associative, and distributive properties define how adding or multiplying numbers in different orders or groupings does not change the value. The identity property defines that adding or multiplying a number by 0 or 1, respectively, leaves the number unchanged. The inverse property pairs each number with its additive or multiplicative inverse. Finally, the closure property specifies that adding or multiplying integers always results in another integer.