![These are the subordinate
conjunctions.
after
although
as
because
before
even though
if, even if
in order that
once
provided that
since
so [that implied], so that
than
that
though
unless
when, whenever
where, wherever, whereas
whether
while](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/runonsfragments-150918175239-lva1-app6891/85/Run-ons-fragments-13-320.jpg)
Run ons & fragments
- 1. chomp! chomp! This presentation is brought to you by Grammar Bytes!, ©2014 by Robin L. Simmons.
- 2. Fragments, Comma Splices, and Fused Sentences How do I know if I have too little in a sentence ... And how can I tell if I have too much?
- 3. This presentation covers avoiding sentence fragments, comma splices, and fused sentences. You will learn to recognize complete sentences, employ appropriate punctuation, and use subordination and coordination.
- 4. A fragment, comma splice, and/or fused sentence item on an objective test might look like this ...
- 5. Sample Item At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the argument at the next table, hot cheese cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare lap. A. pizzeria; Jolene B. table while hot C. pizza. Onto D. No change is necessary. At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the A argument at the next table, hot cheese B cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare C lap. A. pizzeria; Jolene B. table while hot C. cascaded. Over D. No change is necessary. At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the A argument at the next table while hot cheese B cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare C lap. A. pizzeria; Jolene B. table while hot C. cascaded. Over D. No change is necessary. Is the punctuation (or lack of it) at A, B, or C incorrect? The comma between table and hot makes a comma splice, an error that option B fixes.
- 6. Andre practiced jump shots to impress Coach Nelson. A sentence must have a subject, verb, and complete thought. Andre = subject, practiced = verb, and the thought = complete, so you have a sentence.
- 7. Andre spinning the ball to show off his skills. Recognize a fragment when you see one. And spun the ball to show off his skills.As Andre spun the ball to show off his skills. Andre spun the ball to show off his skills. Spinning ≠ a verb, so you have a fragment! Now there’s no subject, so you still have a fragment. Yikes! Now the thought is not complete! Finally! A subject, a verb, and a complete thought!
- 8. Recognize fused sentences and comma splices. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. You cannot run together two sentences with no punctuation! You cannot join two sentences with a comma! Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, unfortunately the coach’s back was turned.
- 9. Fix the error with a period and a capital letter. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Swish goes the period! Andre sank a perfect basket from half court. Unfortunately, the coach’s back was turned.
- 10. Fix the error with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Be my FANBOYS— for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, but the coach’s back was turned.
- 11. Fix the error with a semicolon. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Use the semicolon sparingly — 3 to 4 times per essay, max. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court; unfortunately, the coach’s back was turned.
- 12. Fix the error with a subordinate conjunction. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Reduce one of the two clauses to an incomplete thought. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court after the coach’s back was turned.
- 13. These are the subordinate conjunctions. after although as because before even though if, even if in order that once provided that since so [that implied], so that than that though unless when, whenever where, wherever, whereas whether while
- 14. Remember these general punctuation rules when subordinating one of the clauses in the error. Subordinate clause + , + main clause. Main clause + Ø + subordinate clause.
- 15. Although Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, the coach’s back was turned. Here’s our sample: Andre sank a perfect basket from half court after the coach’s back was turned. Dropping the comma after court is like a championship game turnover! Adding an unnecessary comma is like grandstanding when a teammate is open!
- 16. Quick Test Directions: In the items that follow, choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.” Show me you got game!
- 17. Item 1 The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot pizza but the cat feigned nonchalance even though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A. drooled. While B. pizza, but C. nonchalance. Even D. No change is necessary. The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot A pizza but the cat feigned nonchalance even B C though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A. drooled. While B. pizza, but C. nonchalance. Even D. No change is necessary. The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot A pizza, but the cat feigned nonchalance even B C though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A. drooled. While B. pizza, but C. nonchalance. Even D. No change is necessary.
- 18. Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A. screamed her B. screamed; because, her C. screamed as her D. No change is necessary. Item 2 Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A. screamed her B. screamed; because, her C. screamed as her D. No change is necessary. Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A. screamed her B. screamed; because, her C. screamed as her D. No change is necessary.
- 19. Item 3 Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with seasonings and wiped spots off the glasses. While the family stared at their empty plates. A. dinner; Elizabeth B. seasonings, and C. glasses while D. No change is necessary. Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with A seasonings and wiped spots off the B glasses. While the family stared at their empty C plates. A. dinner; Elizabeth B. seasonings, and C. glasses while D. No change is necessary. Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with A seasonings and wiped spots off the B glasses while the family stared at their empty C plates. A. dinner; Elizabeth B. seasonings, and C. glasses while D. No change is necessary.
- 20. Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A. patio when B. patio; when C. patio, when D. No change is necessary. Item 4 Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A. patio when B. patio; when C. patio, when D. No change is necessary. Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A. patio when B. patio; when C. patio, when D. No change is necessary.
- 21. Item 5 The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment Roseanne, however, had to beat Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through the front door. A. refreshment. Roseanne B. however; had C. refrigerator; as D. No change is necessary. The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment Roseanne, however, had to beat A B Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through C the front door. A. refreshment. Roseanne B. however; had C. refrigerator; as D. No change is necessary. The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment. Roseanne, however, had to beat A B Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through C the front door. A. refreshment. Roseanne B. however; had C. refrigerator; as D. No change is necessary.
- 22. Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A. Melody; but, the B. Melody; however, the C. Melody, however, the D. No change is necessary. Item 6 Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A. Melody; but, the B. Melody; however, the C. Melody, however, the D. No change is necessary. Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A. Melody; but, the B. Melody; however, the C. Melody, however, the D. No change is necessary.
- 23. Item 7 Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the cone and coated Randall’s fingers, his tongue couldn’t keep up. A. sun; ice cream B. cone, and C. fingers, for his D. No change is necessary. Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the A cone and coated Randall’s fingers, his tongue B C couldn’t keep up. A. sun; ice cream B. cone, and C. fingers, for his D. No change is necessary. Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the A cone and coated Randall’s fingers, for his tongue B C couldn’t keep up. A. sun; ice cream B. cone, and C. fingers, for his D. No change is necessary.
- 24. Item 8 Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A. yell, because B. yell because C. yell for D. No change is necessary. Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A. yell, because B. yell because C. yell for D. No change is necessary. Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A. yell, because B. yell because C. yell for D. No change is necessary.
- 25. Item 9 After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this gesture would not repair the relationship or win back her love. A. Emily. he B. driveway. And C. relationship; or D. No change is necessary. After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted A Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this B gesture would not repair the relationship or win C back her love. A. Emily. he B. driveway. And C. relationship; or D. No change is necessary. After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted A Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this B gesture would not repair the relationship or win C back her love. A. Emily. he B. driveway. And C. relationship; or D. No change is necessary.
- 26. Item 10 Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A. hours he B. hours. He C. hours, he D. No change is necessary. Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A. hours he B. hours. He C. hours, he D. No change is necessary. Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A. hours he B. hours. He C. hours, he D. No change is necessary.
- 27. chomp! chomp! Grammar Bytes! provides additional handouts and exercises on fragments, comma splices, and fused sentences. Go to chompchomp.com!
- 28. The End.