Santhakumar phyllosphere
- 1. Santhakumar.M II-M.Sc microbiology Department of microbiology Periyar university SALEM-11
- 3. MICROSCOPIC APPERIENCE OF PHYLLOSPHERE BACTERIA
- 4. ELECTRON MICROGRAPH SHOWING BACTERIA
- 5. Epiphytic = organisms growing on the surface of photosynthetic organisms Phylloplane = leaf surface Phyllosphere = area surrounding the leaf Rhizoplane = root surface Rhizosphere = area surrounding the root
- 6. Bacteria – Pseudomonas, Bejerinckia,etc,. Fungi- Aspergillus sp,Alternaria, Cladosporium Yeast - Caandida albicancs, Saccharomyces cerevissiae Phylloplane consist of several types of saprotrophs,symbionts and pathogens
- 7. Caulosphere (stems) Phylloplane (leaves) Anthosphere (flowers) Carposphere (fruits) Most plants host diverse communities of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists
- 8. The leaf – surface is termed as phylloplane and the zone on leaves inhabited by the micro-orgagisms is called phyllosphere. The term phyllosphere was coined by the Dutch microbiologist,Ruinen.J.1961 from her observations on indonesian forest vegetation where thick microbial epiphytic associations exits on leaves. In puerto Rico, The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
- 9. The establishment of flora on the leaf – surface aided by cuticle . Waxes and appendages helps in providing anchorage to the micro-organisms The leaves surfaece normally consistts of some microbial population In general apart from nitrogen –fixing bacteria ilke azotobacter, other genera such as Pseudomonas,Pseudobacterium, Phytomonas, Erwinia, Sarcina and other unidentified ones have been encountered on plant surface, especially on leaf surface . The dominant and useful microorganisms on the leaf surfaces in the forest vegetation indonesia happened to to nitrogen fixating bacteria such as Beijerinckia and Azotobacter.
- 10. Anabaena Calothrix Nostoc Scytonema and Tolypothrix Nitrogen –fixing Bacteria Nitrogen –fixing Blue Green Algae Azotobacter Rhizobium Pseudomonas Pseudobacterium Phytomonas Erwinia and Sarcina
- 11. Aspergillus Alternaria Cercospora Cryptococcus Candida Cladosporium Penicillium Fusarium Colletotrichum Verticillium Actinomyces streptomyces FUNGUS ACTINOMYCETES
- 12. Research into the characteristics of microbial life in the phyllosphere is of great commercial importance to the agricultural industry for two reasons First, understanding the survival of plant disease-causing bacteria and fungi is vital for developing new ways to control their spread. Second, there has been a recent rise in the number of food poisoning cases associated with fruit and vegetables contaminated with bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. This is particularly true of fresh fruits and salads which are not cooked prior to consumption. Preventing these outbreaks by developing better decontamination strategies is important to protect public health.
- 13. Leaf surface microorganisms may perform an effctive function in controlling the spread of air- born pathogen on the surface of leaves and pods results in the formation of a substance referred to as phytoalexin. Alternatively the phytoalexin may be normally present in plants and the concentration of such a substance may rise markedly in response to microbial infection. The term phytoalexin is derived from Greek phyto meaning plant and alexin meaning warding – off compound. The fungal spores produce a chemical substance or substance which are active in inducing the production of phytoalexins by the host as a defence reaction .
- 14. S,NO PLANT INCITANTS PHYTOALEXIN 1. Soya bean (Glycine max) Phytopthora sojae Hydroxyphaseolin 2. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Phytopthora infestans Solanine 3. Pea (Pisum sativum) Penicillium expansum Pisatin 4. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Pseudomonas Solanacearum Scopolin 5. Apple (Pyrus malus) Venturia inaequalis Phloridzin
- 15. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES ON LEAVES The microbial communities of leaves are diverse and include many different genera of bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, algae, and, less frequently, protozoa and nematodes. Filamentous fungi are considered transient inhabitants of leaf surfaces, being present predominantly as spores, whereas rapidly sporulating species and yeasts colonize this habitat more actively (1). Bacteria are by far the most abundant inhabitants of the phyllosphere.