SARS
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), detailing its epidemiological study design, research domains, symptomatology, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It highlights the first outbreak identified in Asia in 2003 and includes data on transmission, aetiology, and mortality rates, particularly among older adults. Additionally, it categorizes articles related to SARS into various types and addresses the challenges faced by researchers during the outbreak.
SARS
- 1. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME(SARS) www.lukejerram.com Department of microbiology 12 January 2015
- 2. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME www.businesscontinuityinternational.com
- 3. Epidemiological approaches SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
- 4. Identification and Analyzation: • Study design • Research domain • Data collection • Analytical techniques CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
- 5. STUDY DESIGN • Results of epidemiological studies are available as Real time collection • Upon detection of the outbreak, Studies are carried as: Identification of the causative agent Investigation of the possible routes and modes of its transmission define and validate diagnostic criteria Evaluation of candidate treatments Forecast the spread of the epidemic Devise and evaluate evidence-based prevention Monitor policies and strategies. • The first case of SARS was identified in Asia in Feb. 2003 where 8,098 people became ill and 774 died.
- 6. RESEARCH DOMAIN • The first challenge for epidemiologists is to develop new surveillance and alert tools to detect in real time. • Identified more than 300 journal articles covering epidemiological research into the SARS outbreak • The researchers, analysis the descriptive epidemiological studies and investigate the distribution of SARS. • Analytical epidemiological studies, tried to discover the cause of SARS. • The median (average) submission-to-acceptance and acceptance-to-publication intervals for SARS articles submitted during the epidemic were 55 and 77.5 days, respectively.
- 7. DATA COLLECTION • Search bibliographic databases for all published articles on epidemiology. • Presentation of the entire literature identification–selection process. • To compare the publication timelines of academic research articles with that of public health information, they access to, The MEDLINE database via PubMed The Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Sciences Citation Index databases In case of SARS, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) The Weekly Epidemiological Record and Bulletin of the WHO, and Canada Communicable Disease Report for the Public Health Agency of Canada.
- 8. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES • Articles were classified into four large categories: Investigation and surveillance case management prevention and control Psychobehavior • A detailed analysis includes the study designs, and the information given by the authors on the statistical, informatics, and quality-control methods.
- 9. • A data-collection grid was devised: For each retained article, recording of the study type and design, the type and size of the sample population, the software used for data management and statistical analyses, the quality assurance and quality-control processes described in their Materials and Methods. The collected data were coded in a relational database.
- 10. • Susceptible individuals are infected by infectious. • After stage of latency, Infectious individuals lose infectiousness by death, recovery, or isolation. • When quarantine is implemented, a proportion, q, of new infections are quarantined before they become infectious. • The same proportion of susceptible individuals who were contacts of infectious persons but were not infected are also quarantined. • Susceptible individuals are released from quarantine after 10 days; and that compliance with quarantine is complete. Mathematical model for SARS transmission.
- 11. Typology of Studies The distributions of the 11 research domains are as follows- 52%- case-management 16%- assessment of diagnostic tests 23%- Investigation and surveillance 19%- psychobehavioral studies. 6%- prevention and control.
- 12. AETIOLOGY OF SARS • A novel coronavirus (SCoV ) is the aetiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). • Coronaviruses are characterized by their irregular shape and a crown-like appearance of their outer envelope. • An envelope shows the presence of glycoproteins in a lipid bilayer. • Inside the envelope, there is a nucleocapsid, with the genetic material, positive strand single strand RNA (+ssRNA), and a few enzymes. • The detection of coronavirus viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission. • Coronaviruses are classified as members of the order Nidovirales.
- 13. Investigational approaches SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
- 14. Symptoms- Hallmark symptoms- • Cough • Difficulty in breathing • Fever greater then 100.4 degrees F • Other breathing symptoms Common symptoms - • Chills and shaking • Cough starts usually 2-3 days after other symptoms • Fever • Muscle aches • Head aches
- 15. Less common symptoms- • Cough that produces phlegm (sputum) • Diarrhoea • Dizziness • Nausea and vomiting • Runny nose • Sore throat
- 17. STAGE 2(LOWER REPIRETORY TRACT PHASE) • Dry cough • Dyspenea • Progressive hypoxemia in many cases • Respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation in some case
- 18. SIGNS AND TESTS- Tests used for diagnosing SARS- • Arterial blood tests • Blood clotting tests • Blood chemistry tests • Chest x-ray or chest CT scan • Complete blood count (CBC)
- 19. Tests used to quickly identify the virus that causes SARS include- • Antibody tests for SARS • Direct isolation of the SARS virus • Rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS virus
- 20. TREATMENT • Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia. • Antiviral medications(although how well they work for the SARS is unknown). • High doses of steroids to reduce swellings in the lungs. • Oxygen, breathing support(mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy.
- 21. PROGNOSIS • The death rate from the SARS was 9 to 12 % of those that diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger patients. • Viruses in the coronavirus family are known for their ability to change (mutate) in order to spread among humans.
- 22. SARS
- 23. REFRENCES Reports and Articles- • Anatomy of the Epidemiological Literature on the 2003 SARS Outbreaks in Hong Kong and Toronto: A Time-Stratified Review • Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals inSouthern China. Web sites- • www.who.int/csr/sars/diagnosticstests/en • Pennstatehershey.adams.com • www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pubmedhealth/ • www.businesscontinuityinternational.com • www2.hendrix.edu • www.devicemag.com • www.cnn.com
- 24. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- #19: our health care provider may hear abnormal lung sounds while listening to your chest with a stethoscope. In most people with SARS, changes on a chest x-ray or chest CT show pneumonia, which is typical with SARS.
- #20: All current tests have some limitations. They may not be able to easily identify a SARS case during the first week of the illness, when it is most important.