Sas research-note-39-libre
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More than 42,000 people have been violently killed in Honduras over the past nine years, with firearms used in 80% of cases. High levels of violence are linked to political instability, corruption, and the activities of gangs and organized crime groups. The document provides details on firearms homicides rates and types of weapons used in Honduras. It also explores the relationships between violence, firearms proliferation, drug trafficking, and gang activity in the country.
Sas research-note-39-libre
- 1. M ore than 42,000 people have been violently killed in Honduras over the past nine years. In 80 per cent of cases the weapon used was a irearm.1 To explain this, analysts and the media point ran- domly to the political instability and polariza- tion of the country, the level of corruption in the police and state institutions, and the climate of terror created by gangs and organized crime. Comprehensive solutions based on solid empiri- cal evidence, however, are not yet available. This Research Note is based on a scoping assessment of armed violence in Honduras.2 It summarizes and briely unpacks speciic characteristics of armed violence in the coun- try and explores some of the key questions that need to be asked. As such, it provides a basis on which work and research can draw to design responses to Honduras’s challenges by answering the following questions:3 What kind of knowledge is needed to tackle the spiralling violence in Honduras? How can actors be mobilized more effectively to inluence policy responses to violence? Firearms homicides The Honduras Observatory of Violence provides data for violent deaths since 2005. Honduras experienced over 7,000 homicides in 2012, at a rate of 85.5 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants (Sánchez, 2013). This is 8.5 times the global Firearms and Violence in Honduras NUMBER39•MARCH2014 homicide rate and represents a cumulative increase of more than 200 per cent since 2005 (Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2011; Sánchez, 2013) (see Figure 1). Despite a levelling off, if not a slight decrease, in the homicide rate between 2011 and 2012, the rate of killings in Honduras remains extremely high compared to the rest of the world.4 Between 2005 and June 2013 there were 42,497 homicides in Honduras (Sánchez, 2013). For a country with a population of roughly 8.3 million inhabitants, this is an appallingly high incidence of violent death. The IHME (2013) estimates that more than one in ten male deaths in 2010 was due to violence in Honduras (10 per cent); when calculating only for the male population aged 15–49, 33 per cent of all deaths were attributable to violence. Homicides by irearm comprise the vast majority of killings in Honduras: over the period 2005–12 an average of 80 per cent of homicides involved the use of guns, resulting in almost 32,000 people being killed by irearms (Sánchez, 2013). The increase in homicides in Honduras is mirrored by an increase in the share of homicides committed with irearms (see Figure 1). However, in Honduras, as else- where in the region, this does not mean that there is a direct causal relationship between homicides and the prevalence of irearms. Even though several other countries in the region show an above-average proportion of homicides committed by irearms, the frequency of irearms ResearchNotes Small Arms Survey Research Notes • Number 39 • March 2014 1 ARMED VIOLENCE Homicides per 100,000 people Firearms’ share of homicides (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 95 95 90 85 85 75 80 65 75 55 70 20122011201020092008200720062005 Figure 1 Homicide rate and firearms’ share of homicides, Honduras, 2005–12 Source: Sánchez (2013) Firearms’ share of homicides Homicide rate
- 2. ATLANTIDA CHOLUTECA COLON COMAYAGUA COPAN CORTES EL PARAISO FRANCISCO MORAZAN GRACIAS A DIOS INTIBUCA LEMPIRA OCOTEPEQUE OLANCHO SANTA BARBARA LA PAZ VALLE YORO BELIZE GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Caribbean Sea PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIDA CHOLUTECA COLON COMAYAGUA COPAN CORTES EL PARAISO FRANCISCO MORAZAN GRACIAS A DIOS INTIBUCA LEMPIRA OCOTEPEQUE OLANCHO SANTA BARBARA LA PAZ VALLE YORO ISLAS DE LA BAHIA International boundary State boundary Municipal boundary 1,289 – 4,595 602 – 1,288 282 – 601 82 – 281 1 – 81 No reported homicides Number of homicides by firearms, 2008–12 0 100km 2 Small Arms Survey Research Notes • Number 39 • March 2014 homicides in Honduras is still among the highest in the world (Gilgen, 2012). Map 1 shows the localization of ire- arm homicides across municipalities in Honduras. Firearms homicides are highly concentrated in urban centres and strategic points (the Atlantic coast and border regions). This may relect violent dynamics related to the pres- ence of gangs and traficking routes. Furthermore, there is a correlation between the number of irearms homi- cides and police seizures of irearms. Between 2010 and 2012 the Cortés and Francisco Morazán areas accounted for the highest numbers of irearms captured by the police (1,136 and 1,126 weapons, respectively); both areas also show the highest numbers of irearms homicides for 2008–12 (CNCN OHD, 2012, pp. 41–43) (see Map 1). Firearms, drugs, and gangs There is a crucial relationship among violence, irearms, and the drug trade. Drugs inance the purchase of weapons, which in turn promote wars between gangs and groups for control of terri- tory and smuggling (World Bank, 2011). The introduction of irearms into a speciic area can facilitate violence, whether or not it is related to the drug trade. The escalation of violence in Central America is indeed frequently linked to the presence of drug-trading organizations and gangs, and to the increased availability of irearms in the region (FESCOL, 2011). This Research Note provides the following estimate of the number of irearms circulating in Honduras. The Honduran National Arms Registry recorded 280,305 registered irearms in the country by the end of 2012 (Díaz, 2013). However, police reports of ire- arms seizures indicate that an aver- age of 60 per cent of weapons seized are illegal. By applying this igure to the number of registered irearms in Honduras, approximately 420,000 illegal weapons are estimated to be circulating in the country (Díaz, 2013). However, according to a 2012 UN Development Programme estimate, approximately one-third (between 800,000 and one million) of the three million irearms circulating in Central America are in Honduras (Agencia EFE, 2012).5 The most popular irearms in Honduras are 9 mm handguns, which can be legally purchased and owned. These weapons are banned for civilian use in nearby Mexico, thus creating a regulatory imbalance that encourages illicit weapons lows between the two countries (UNODC, 2012, p. 61). Between 2002 and 2009 the Forensic Institute of Honduras examined 8,581 irearms from crime scenes and police raids. Other evidence it exam- ined included approximately 50,000 cartridges of various calibres, tens of thousands of spent casings, bullets from crime scenes and the forensic pathology department, and samples of physical evidence, including charg- ers and other irearms accessories (Sánchez, 2013). The data collected reveals that semi- automatic pistols are most commonly used in homicides in Honduras, closely followed by revolvers, together total- ling 64 per cent of all weapons exam- ined. The use of semi-automatic or automatic riles is also relatively high, at 20 per cent of all weapons analysed by the laboratory. Closely linked to gang violence, the use and prevalence of home-made irearms is relected by the large number of such weapons examined by the laboratory (8 per cent) (Sánchez, 2013) (see Figure 2). Weapons coniscated in Honduras between 2006 and 2012 relect this pattern. The most prevalent are pistols (40 per cent) and revolvers (38 per cent), totalling more than three-quarters of Map 1 Distribution of homicides by firearms in Honduras, 2008–12 Source: Sánchez (2013)
- 3. Small Arms Survey Research Notes • Number 39 • March 2014 3 all irearms. The majority (63 per cent) of the pistols coniscated in Honduras between 2008 and 2011 were 9 mm (Díaz, 2013). The presence of organized crime and gangs in Honduras is also fre- quently linked to spiralling levels of violence. Maras (gangs) and pandillas (youth gangs) feature prominently in Honduras, where well-established local youth gangs developed into replicas of US gang models in the 1980s and 1990s. Later this was exac- erbated by further massive migra- tion patterns. Since 2000 the country has also been the target of the mass expulsion of illegal migrants from the United States, many of them members of Barrio 18 and Mara Salvatrucha. Today there are estimated to be 12,000 active members of Honduran maras, compared to 22,000 in Guatemala and 20,000 in El Salvador; this repre- sents 151 maras members per 100,000 people in Honduras (compared to 146 in Guatemala and 318 in El Salvador) (Ribando Seelke, 2013, p. 3).6 In their nascent stages during the 1980s and 1990s, gangs in Central America mostly relied on home-made or craft weapons. As the inluence of organized crime became stronger, these groups started participating in illicit drugs and irearms markets, strengthened their organizational structure, and acquired more sophis- ticated weaponry. For example, it was found that, in Nicaragua, gang members move away from craft guns towards more sophisticated weaponry as drug traficking and ‘weapons specialists’ begin to affect local gang dynamics (Rodgers and Rocha, 2013). Despite the presence of gangs in Honduras there is also a ‘clear link between contested traficking areas and murder rates’ and the fact that ‘some of the most violent areas in the world lie along the Honduran coast and on both sides of the Guatemalan/ Honduran Border’ (UNODC, 2012, p. 11) (see Map 1). So-called transportistas (traficking organizations) and terri- torial groups (gangs or organized criminal groups) clash over control of traficking routes and other ‘markets’ in the region (UNODC, 2012, p. 21). Other violent groups and contexts in Honduras should be noted here. The land conlict in the Bajo Aguán region has claimed at least 100 lives over the past four years (Lakhani, 2014). During and after the political crisis journalists and activists have been targeted and killed, but these cases have not been investigated (HRW, 2010, p. 61; CPJ, 2010). Hate crimes against transgender persons have been prevelant for some time: at least 31 were killed in Honduras between June 2009 and January 2011 (La Prensa, 2011). The project The relationship among gangs, drug- traficking organizations, and ire- arm violence is extremely complex in Honduras. Further research and detailed analysis are required to highlight how the various factors that interact in Honduras lead to such a particu- larly violent context. The Small Arms Survey’s project Security and Violence in Honduras aims to provide much- needed insight—and support local research capacities—into crucial ele- ments in Honduras, including: Firearms proliferation and control in Honduras. The project will seek to improve knowledge of irearms proliferation and provide support for better irearms policies in Honduras. For example, how do irearms end up in the illicit mar- ket in Honduras or in the hands of criminal organizations? What are the scale and scope of illicit traficking in the country and the sub-region, and how does such traficking interact with regional crime and violence dynamics? Armed violence assessment in Honduras. What types of violence occur in Honduras and how do they inter- act? Who are the actors inlicting various types of violence? Who are the victims of armed violence in Honduras and what types of violence do they suffer? What are the underlying risk factors and drivers (vectors) of violence in Honduras? What are the main entry points for preventing and reducing armed violence in Honduras (esca- lating and de-escalating factors for violence)? Support for armed violence reduction and prevention (AVRP) efforts in Honduras. Enhanced data and analysis on the drivers, risk factors, and dynamics of violence should provide a basis on which local AVRP efforts may be strengthened and more effective responses designed. Notes 1 Based on the compilation of total homicide and irearms homicide igures produced by the Observatory of Violence based at the National Autonomous University of Honduras’s Institute for Democracy, Peace and Security. See reports at <http://iudpas. org/boletines/boletines-nacionales>. Number 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Pistols Revolvers Assault riles Home-made weapons Shotguns Sub- machine guns Riles* Not categorized Carbines** Figure 2 Number of weapons examined by the ballistics laboratory of the Forensic Institute of Honduras, 2002–09 * Small-calibre hunting-style weapons (.22 and .223 long riles). ** Weapons formerly used by the Honduran prison authorities (.30 or 7.62) that have been replaced by M-16s. Some have subsequently entered the civilian and illicit markets. Source: Sánchez (2013)
- 4. 2 For more publications on armed violence and security in Honduras, please visit our website <www.smallarmssurvey.org>. Within the 18-month project, several publications will cover aspects of irearms, armed violence patterns, drivers, and actors in the country. 3 The research presented here is based on Sánchez (2013) and Díaz (2013). 4 For example, the Global Burden of Armed Violence report (Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2011) estimated that between 2004 and 2009 El Salvador was the most violent country in the world, with a homi- cide rate of 61.9 per 100,000, which was higher than Iraq for the same period. 5 It is estimated that 2,860,000 irearms are circulating in Central America, two-thirds of which are illegal (UNDP, 2009, p. 169). 6 Note that these estimates consider maras only and are based on igures given in UNODC (2012). The US State Depart- ment estimates gang membership in the Northern Triangle to be as high as 85,000 (Brownield, 2012). References Agencia EFE. 2012. ‘Abogan por regularizar tenencia de armas en Honduras para reducir la violencia.’ 14 November. <http:// efe.ikuna.com/187_america/1822559_ abogan-por-regularizar-la-tenencia- de-armas-en-honduras-para-la-reducir- violencia.html> Brownield, William R. 2012. ‘Gangs, Youths and Drugs: Breaking the Cycle of Violence and Crime.’ Presentation at the Institute of the Americas, San Diego, 1 October. <http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/rm/ 199133.htm> CNCN OHD (Consejo Nacional Contra Narcotráico Observatorio Hondureño sobre Drogas). 2012. Informe anual: el pro- blema de las drogas y su situación en Honduras. Tegucigalpa: CNCN. CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists). 2010. Journalist Murders Spotlight Honduran Gov- ernment Failures. 27 July. <http://www.cpj. org/reports/2010/07/journalist-murders- underscore-honduras-government.php> Díaz, Leyla. 2013. Tráico ilícito de armas de fuego en Honduras. Unpublished background paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey. FESCOL(Friederich Ebert Stiftung en Colombia). 2011. Seguridad regional en América Latina y el Caribe: anuario 2011. Bogotá: FESCOL. <http://library.fes.de/pdf-iles/bueros/ la-seguridad/07600/2011.pdf> Geneva Declaration Secretariat. 2011. The Global Burden of Armed Violence: Lethal Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gilgen, Elisa. 2012. ‘A Fatal Relationship: Guns and Deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean.’ In Small Arms Survey. Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–39. HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2010. Honduras after the Coup: Ongoing Violence, Intimidation, and Impunity in Honduras. New York: HRW. IHME (Institute for Health Metrics and Eval- uation). 2013. Global Burden of Disease 2010. <http://viz.healthmetricsandevaluation. org/gbd-compare/> Lakhani, Nina. 2014. ‘Honduras and the Dirty War Fuelled by the West’s Drive for Clean Energy.’ Guardian. 7 January. <http:// www.theguardian.com/global/2014/ jan/07/honduras-dirty-war-clean-energy- palm-oil-biofuels> La Prensa. 2011. ‘Comunidad LBGT: alto a crímenes en Honduras.’ 13 January. <http://archivo.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/ 2011/01/13/Noticias/Comunidad-LGBT- Alto-a-crimenes-en-Honduras> Ribando Seelke, Clare. 2013. Gangs in Central America. Congressional Research Service Report No. RL34112. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. <http:// www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf> Rodgers, Dennis and José Luis Rocha. 2013. ‘Turning Points: Gang Evolution in Nicaragua.’ In Small Arms Survey. Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 46–73. Sánchez, Arabeska. 2013. Causas, riesgos y protagonistas de la violencia armada en Honduras. Unpublished background paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey. UNDP (United Nations Development Pro- gramme). 2009. Informe sobre el desarrollo humano para América Central, 2009–2010: abrir espacios a la seguridad ciudadana y el desarrollo humano. New York: UNDP. UNODC (United Nations Ofice on Drugs and Crime). 2012. Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean: A Threat Assessment. Vienna: UNODC. World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2011: Conlict, Security, and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. <http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/ Resources/WDR2011_Full_Text.pdf> For more information on the Small Arms Survey project in Honduras, please keep looking for updates on: www.smallarmssurvey.org 4 Small Arms Survey Research Notes • Number 39 • March 2014 About the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey serves as the principal international source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence, and as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists. The Small Arms Survey, a project of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, hosts the Geneva Declaration Secretariat. For more information, please visit: www.smallarmssurvey.org About the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development This Research Note was published in sup- port of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a high-level diplomatic initiative signed by more than 100 states, designed to support states and civil society to achieve measurable reduc- tions in the global burden of armed violence by 2015 and beyond. For more information, please visit: www.genevadeclaration.org Publication date: March 2014 Credits Authors: Arabeska Sánchez, Leyla Diáz, and Matthias Nowak Copy-editing: Alex Potter (fpcc@mtnloaded.co.za) Proofread: Donald Strachan Cartography: Jillian Luff, MAPgraix Design and layout: Rick Jones (rick@studioexile.com) Contact details Small Arms Survey 47 Avenue Blanc 1202 Geneva, Switzerland t +41 22 908 5777 f +41 22 732 2738 e info@smallarmssurvey.org