Satellite image processing with block diagram
- 1. Satellite Image Processing Btach 2 - Group 3
- 2. Agenda Introduction Block diagram Types of Satellites Working and Application Image processing Satellite imagery and AI STAR-link – case study 2024 2
- 3. Introduction Satellite image processing is a field of research and development that uses computer algorithms and techniques to extract information from satellite images. The process typically includes preprocessing, image enhancement, feature extraction, classification, and interpretation. Firstly, the photographs are taken in digital form and later are processed by the computers to extract the information. 2024 3
- 4. What is Remote Sensing ? Remote sensing is the process of gathering information about an object without physically touching it. 2024 4 On-site Measurement Satellite based Aeroplane based Ground based Remotely Sensed
- 5. Advantages of Satellite Images 2024 5 Img.1.Global Coverage Img.2.Synoptic View Img.3.Repeatability
- 6. Remote sensing processing Energy Source or Illumination Radiation and the Atmosphere Interaction with the Target Recording of Energy by the Sensor Transmission, Reception, and Processing 2024 6 Remote Sensing Process
- 7. Digital Image 2024 8 Satellite images are stored digitally in forms of numbers composed of tiny equal areas, or picture element abbreviated as pixels arranged in rectangular array. Each pixel is associated to a number known as Digital Number (DN). More energy reflecting object records a high number for itself on the digital Image and vice versa.
- 8. Types of Resolutions Spatial resolution – It is determined by the sensors Instantaneous Field of View(IFoV) and is defined as the pixel size of an image that is visible to the human eye being measured on the ground. Since it has high resolving power or the ability to separate and hence is termed as Spatial Resolution. Spectral resolution – This resolution measures the wavelength internal size and determines the number of wavelength intervals that the sensor measures. 2024 8
- 9. Types of Resolution Temporal resolution – The word temporal is associated with time or days and is defined as the time that passes between various imagery cloud periods. Radiometric resolution – This resolution provides the actual characteristics of the image and is generally expressed in bits size. It gives the effective bit depth and records the various levels of brightness of imaging system. 2024 9
- 10. Various Satellites in Space 2024 10
- 12. Satellite Communication Stages: Uplink: Signals from sources like television are transmitted from a ground station to the satellite. Transponders: The satellite employs transponders (radio receivers, amplifiers, transmitters) to boost and alter the frequency of incoming signals without modification, depending on the source. Downlink: Process where the boosted and modified data is sent back to Earth and received by ground-based receivers. Uplink/Downlink Dynamics: Typically, there is a single uplink from the ground to the satellite, while there can be multiple downlinks to various locations on Earth. 2024 12
- 13. Applications 2024 13 Environmental Monitoring 1. Agriculture 2. Disaster Management 3. Urban Planning 4. Natural Resource Management 5. Climate Change Studies 6. Oceanography 7. Infrastructure Monitoring 8. Humanitarian Aid 9. Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 10. Various applications of Remote Sensing
- 15. Satellite data sources: 2024 16 Government Satellite Data Sources: satellites operated NASA, ESA, NOAA etc. Commercial Satellite Data Sources: offer data for sale to various organizations Maxar (formerly DigitalGlobe), Airbus Defence and Space, Planet Lab high-resolution imagery with rapid revisit rates typically requires purchasing licenses Open-Source Satellite Data Sources: educational, research, and non-commercial purposes
- 16. Types of Satellite Imagery Optical Imagery: Detect visible and near-infrared light Applications like land cover classification, vegetation monitoring, urban planning, and disaster assessment. RADAR Imagery: Utilizes radar pulses to detect the surface characteristics All-weather and day- and-night imaging Terrain mapping, changes in land surface, maritime surveillance Multispectral Imagery: Spectral bands beyond the visible spectrum Soil composition, water quality, and geological features Used in agriculture, forestry, and mineral exploration Hyperspectral Imagery: hundreds of narrow spectral bands precise identification mineral mapping, precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, and military intelligence. 2024 23
- 17. Satellite image processing 2024 17 Enhancement Feature extraction Segmentation Fusion Change Detection Compression Classification Feature detection
- 18. 2024 Image Enhancement: Tackles low brightness levels Histogram Equalization (HE)-enhance contrast but may compromise average intensity Histogram Planting (HP) Modified Differential Evolution (MDE) - enhancement while maintaining average intensity. Feature extraction: Categories color, shape, and texture. Feature extraction is crucial for image classification, involving the generation of differentiable features for selection. Fusion methods enhance feature extraction by suppressing background information and improving the quality of selected regions
- 19. 2024 Image Fusion: Combines multiple images to create a new one Improve spatial and spectral resolution. Noise components in fused images is limitation. Evaluation metrics such as Root Mean Square Error assess the performance of fusion techniques in image processing tasks. Image Segmentation: Boundary localization Pixel-based clustering and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) Complex building geometry and blurry boundaries are addressed Quantitative assessments
- 20. 2024 Satellite Imagery & AI
- 22. 2024 21 STARLink Key Project Information Sponsor: Elon Musk, CEO SpaceX Project name: Starlink Start date: 1 Jan. 2018 Location: Austin, Texas, USA Budget: $10 billion USD
- 23. 2024 Project Overview: SpaceX's mission: deliver high-speed internet globally with 30,000 satellites. Initiated in 2018, estimated cost: $10 billion. Collaborative Efforts: SpaceX partnered with Planet Lab, sharing launch costs. Deployed 3 SkySat satellites for real-time Earth imaging. SkySat Capabilities: SkySat satellites provide 12x daily imaging for Earth monitoring. Starlink's Vision: Establish next-gen satellite network for global high-speed internet. Initial deployment: 12,000 Starlink satellites, followed by 30,000. STARLink
- 24. 2024 Phase array beam Steering. Databits arranged in graph called constellation diagram. For transmitting data respective phase and amplitude is adjusted. 27000 Kmph 100 Mbps Much closer at about 550km. Low latency—around 25 ms vs 600+ ms Img., No of satellites- STARlink Img., Beam transferring Img., phase difference- direction management Img., wavefront management Img., Beam emission
- 25. “This Starship is designed to traverse our entire solar system and beyond.” -Elon Musk Img.,STARlink Antenna 22