Saving the Environment One Building at a Time
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This document discusses building commissioning and energy auditing. It begins with introductions of Lyn Gomes and Tracey Whaley, who both have backgrounds in engineering and commissioning. They then cover what commissioning is, why it is important to save energy and costs, and how energy audits identify savings opportunities. Commissioning ensures new and existing buildings operate as intended to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner.
![Energy Auditor Certifications
• In-college
• EIT
• Post-college [none are be-all end-all ]
• P.E. (Professional Engineer)
• BEAP (ASHRAE Building Energy Assessment
Professional)
• CEM (AEE Certified Energy Manager)
• EBCP, CBCP (AEE Existing/Certified Building
Commissioning Professionals)
© 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/savingtheenvironmentonebuildingatatime-141117160405-conversion-gate01/85/Saving-the-Environment-One-Building-at-a-Time-61-320.jpg)
Saving the Environment One Building at a Time
- 1. Saving the Environment One Building at a time Lyn Gomes, P.E., LEED AP, CLCATT, kW Engineering Tracey A. Whaley, P.E., F.P.E, Ambient Energy
- 2. Introductions… • Lyn Gomes, P.E., LEED AP • Commissioning Authority/Agent • Triple Talent: design, construction, startup • I love pastries and pickles • kW Engineering • Energy engineering – efficiency & renewables • Oakland, Long Beach, Chicago, Salt Lake City • We walk the talk: our HQ building is LEED® Gold certified with Energy Star = 100 • Tracey A. Whaley, P.E., F.P.E, CxAP • BS Architectural Engineering, Kanas State University • Licensed in mechanical and fire protection engineering • Ambient Energy • Commissioning Team Leader • Provide New Building Commissioning, Retro- Commissioning and Re-Commissioning • Our office is LEED – CI Certified Gold
- 3. What we’ll cover • Buildings use energy?! • Building Commissioning: • What’s that? • Why should I care? • Auditing: • What is it? • How does it save energy? • What it takes • Commissioning Provider • Energy Engineer (Energy Auditor)
- 4. Building Energy Use • Half of all the energy consumed in the U.S. is due to the operations of the buildings we live and work in. • HVAC, Lighting, Refrigeration, and Water Heating account for 2/3rds of that all energy used in buildings.
- 5. Building Systems Commissioning • A quality-focused process for enhancing the delivery of a project. • Ensures building meets the Owner’s Project Requirements. • Planning Design Operation Maintenance • “It is a risk-management strategy that should be integral to any systematic approach to garnering energy savings or emissions reductions.” – Evan Mills, PhD, LBNL
- 6. Does this look familiar? We don’t know what it is. This is what Cx helps to avoid.
- 7. Cx: Good for Environment and Wallet • Energy - CO2 emissions • Commissioning is arguably the single-most cost-effective strategy for reducing energy, costs, and greenhouse-gas emissions in buildings today. • New Buildings: • 13 % median energy savings • 4.2 year payback • Existing Buildings • 16% median energy savings • 1.1 year payback Source: California Energy Commission Study, Mills, Evan, PhD, “Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” (2009) http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html
- 8. Energy Audits and Retrocommissioning “Well there’s your problem”
- 9. Retro-Commissioning (RCx) • Cx for existing buildings • 80% building stock • 86% construction spending • Trend review • Logic • Setpoints • Maintenance • 2030 savings: • $30B • 340MTons CO2
- 10. Retro-Cx is a growing field • Currently $200 million per year • $4 billion per year potential • 1,500 to 25,000 F.T.E. workers needed • Bold, but realistic - Evan Mills, PhD, LBNL
- 11. Energy Audits • Focus: Equipment/Systems • Inspection • Mechanical equipment • Control systems • Lighting • Water too! • Analysis • Crunch those numbers!
- 12. Good auditing must consider human factors • Team building is key to audit implementation success • Seek involvement with key players at site • Let folks do what they’re good at • Leave site staff with the knowledge to follow through • Don’t believe everything you hear • Site inspections with staff can be misleading • Auditor questions may be threatening
- 13. Lyn and Tracey’s Path to Cx • Lyn • BS Mechanical Engineer • HVAC Design • LEED AP, PE • Construction • Startup OMs (wastewater) • UCBerkeley Extension Course • CLCATT • Tracey • BS Architectural Engineer • Electrical mechanical design • PE • Mechanical • Fire Protection • Cx for military facilities • U of Wisconsin coursework
- 14. Architectural Engineering Programs in US • California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo • University of Colorado at Boulder • Drexel University • Illinois Institute of Technology • Kansas State University • Pennsylvania State University • The University of Kansas • University of Miami • Milwaukee School of Engineering • Missouri University of Science and Technology • University of Nebraska-Lincoln • North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University • Oklahoma State University • Tennessee State University • University of Texas at Austin • University of Wyoming
- 15. Energy Auditing Career Path • ME or CEE or EE or Arch E • BS minimum • MS beneficial but not required • Industrial Assessment Centers (DOE-funded) 15 • SFSU, SDSU, OSU, Colorado State, Boise State • http://energy.gov/eere/amo/locations-industrial-assessment-centers • Stanford MS CEE • Sustainable Design/Construction or Atmosphere/Energy • Get an internship • Work for an “Energy Engineering” Firm • Find role model(s) or mentor(s) • Professional societies: ASHRAE, AEE, BCA
- 16. Engineers save the world …with buildings that use less energy or no energy! (Net Zero buildings) …with buildings that use less water! …by decreasing our carbon footprint.
- 17. Thank you! • Lyn Gomes • lgomes@kw-engineering.com • (510) 843-6420 • Tracey Whaley, P.E., F.P.E. • tracey@ambient-e.com • (303) 278-1532 x 214
- 18. • End of presentation
- 19. Thank You • Questions? Tracey A. Whaley, P.E., F.P.E. Hanson Professional Services, Inc. twhaley@hanson-inc.com
- 20. Why Save Energy in Buildings? • Buildings consume • 40% of our energy(1) • 12-20% of our water (our largest user) (2) • Energy - CO2 emissions • Water is a precious resource • Because it works 20 1. USGBC via http://www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/projects/ 2. USGBC, EPA
- 21. Who can do Cx? Recommend Design Professionals perform Building Commissioning Why? Design Professionals understand the design process and intent that may be more complex than traditional systems. Why can’t the engineer monitor the installation of their design? The Cx Authority looks for different things than the engineer. We are the Owner’s Advocate. We have ‘no skin in the game’. So, we can give the Owner our unbiased opinion regarding the project. We ask if a change in the project is consistent with the Owner’s Project Requirements or Design Intent.
- 22. Building Systems Commissioning According to Evan Mills, PhD, LBNL: • Commissioning is more than “just another pretty energy saving measure.” • It is a risk-management strategy that should be integral to any systematic approach to garnering energy savings or emissions reductions. • Ensures that a building owners get what they pay for when constructing or retrofitting buildings • Provides insurance for policymakers and program managers that their initiatives actually meet targets • Detects and corrects problems that would eventually surface as far more costly maintenance or safety issues.
- 23. How much does Cx Cost? • Commissioning is an underutilized strategy for saving energy and money and reducing greenhouse gas emissions while managing related risks. • Reasons for this underutilization: • widespread lack of awareness of need and value on the part of prospective customers • insufficient professionalism within the trades • splintered activities and competition among a growing number of trade • groups and certification programs • misperception that it is not cost-effective in smaller buildings • the absence of commissioning-like requirements in most building codes • omission or obfuscation of the strategy in most energy-efficiency potentials studies. • tension between standardization and recognition that each building is • unique and must be approached with an open mind Evan Mills, PhD, LBNL
- 24. Building Systems Commissioning US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy Environmental Design TM A system for designing, constructing, operating and certifying the world’s greenest buildings. PR 1 Pre-requisite Commissioning EA Cr 1 Enhanced Commissioning
- 25. Why Implement Building Commissioning? • Failure of traditional methods to provide an acceptable product. • Building doesn’t meet User’s expectations. • Excessive change orders. • Reduce problems and complaints at completion. • Building OM personnel don’t understand their building. • High utility bills
- 26. Commissioning Savings The ‘Bottom Line” • Energy Savings – Offices $0.10 - $0.40 / sq. ft./year • Energy savings – Tech. Manufacturing $0.15 - $0.75 / sq. ft./year • Comfort and Productivity $150 / sq. ft./year payroll costs $0.10/ sq. ft./year lost to complaint time
- 27. A/E Coursework • Coursework varies by University (programs 4-5 years for BS or MS) • ABET Accreditation is Required!!!! • Attend University out of state? Check for credit transfer • Become LEED Accredited Professional (USGBC)
- 28. A/E is unusual field….How do I get a job? • Take advanced/specialize courses in your area of interest. • Structural • HVAC • Plumbing • Electrical • Lighting • Green Building/Energy Analysis • Etc. • Learn about Building Codes in the area you will work • Florida Building Code • National Electrical Code • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- 29. Existing Buildings (more than 5 years old) • Maintain the existing building systems. • ASHRAE Standard 180-2008 - Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems • Use Standards: • ASHRAE Standard 100 Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings (establishes the guidelines for the energy audit process)
- 30. A/E Professional • MUST be willing to get Professional Engineer License for most careers • Sign and Seal Construction Documents is required for commercial construction • Earn more $$$$ • National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying: NCEES • Requirements for Licensure are different in each state. Generally your college must be ABET accredited. • Pass Fundamentals of Engineering Exam in final year of college • After 4-5 years of experience take Principles and Practice Exam (PE) • PE Exam is given in 23 formats. • Since Spring 2003 NCEES has offered the Architectural Exam • Continuing Education is required by most State Licensing Boards
- 31. New Buildings (less than 5 years old) • Small percent of the ‘stock’ of buildings in the U.S. • 2% of Building projects are New Construction • Use standards • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides (free) Hotels, K-12 Schools, Retail, Small Office Buidings. • ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – establishes the base line energy performance of buildings. • ASHRAE Standard189.1 and USGBC LEED – establishes criteria for sustainability and ‘Green’ buildings. • ASHRAE Guideline 0 – 2005, The Commissioning Process • ASHRAE Standard 180-2008 - Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems • Model the building to determine the most energy efficient system to be used. • Software programs such as E-quest and others • Work with the architect to determine that the envelope or shell of the building is ‘tight’ and has proper insulation and quality low-e windows. • HVAC system is only as good as the envelope of the building it serves.
- 32. What we’ll cover • Creating the Built Environment • Why save energy in buildings? • Commissioning (Cx) • What is it? • Who, Why, and When? • How do you get to do it? • Energy Audits • Why do we audit? • What do we audit? • Audits have Levels • How do you get to do it? 32
- 33. What’s in a Building • HVAC • Lighting • Controls • Envelope • PV • Backup power • Compressed air… 33
- 34. Life of a Building Planning (1 yr) Design (1 year) Construction (1-2 years) Commissioning Creation Operation (30-50 years) 34 Audits, RetroCommissioning (RCx), ReCommissioning (Cx)
- 35. Creating a building People Documents • Owner • Commissioning Agent (CxA) • Design Team • Architect • Engineers • Construction team • General Contractor • Subcontractors Owner’s Project Requirements • Basis of Design • Contract Documents • Plans (drawings) • Specifications (specs) • Submittals (product information) • As-Builts • Systems Manual 35
- 36. Operating a building People Documents • Owner • Building Engineer • Tenant • Commissioning Agent (CxA) • Energy Auditor • OPR • Drawings • Sequences of Operation • OM Manuals • (Systems Manual) • (Specs) 36
- 37. Combine the next two slides into 1 37
- 39. Cx: What is it? • Commissioning is a process to ensure the building performs as intended and to the Owner’s expectations • Part of Codes: • LEED • Title 24 • ASHRAE 90.1 • Ensures energy savings are realized • Critical to Net-zero goal • Makes sure people are as comfortable as possible V =V +K e + K ∫ e × dt o p i 2/26/2011 39 SWE Region A Conference
- 40. Process: Planning and Design • Review Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) • Ideally help develop it as well • Review engineer’s Basis of Design (BOD) • Review specs and drawings for • commissionability of systems • compliance with BOD, OPR Create and implement Cx Plan 40
- 41. Process: Construction and beyond Review submittals • Test energy-using/ producing systems • HVAC • Lighting/lighting controls • Renewable energy • Domestic hot water • Building Control System • Systems Manual for the Building Engineer • Training • Post-occupancy review 41
- 42. Who Does it? 42 • Team based, collaborative process • Owner • Design Team • Architect • ME • EE • Commissioning Agent (CxA) • Contractors • GC • Mechanical • Electrical • Controls
- 43. Why do we do it? • Fundamentally: verify that the facility satisfies the Owner’s functional needs. • Reduced callbacks • Happier Owners • Reduced energy use • Lower operating costs – Good ROI • Improved occupant comfort and productivity • Enhanced marketability and value of property • Accountability by project team • Reduced risk of exposure for project team 43
- 44. When is Cx required? • Energy savings or Mission Critical • LEED • EA Prereq 1: Fundamental Cx • EA Credit 3: Enhanced Cx • Title 24/CalGreen • LEED Fundamental Plus • Strong requirements for Lighting • ASHRAE 0, 90.1 • 0: Cx • 90.1: Energy standard (baseline for many states) 44
- 45. When does commissioning take place? • Predesign • Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) • Design • Review • Will it work IRL? • Stable control? • Persistence? • Construction • Startup, tuning • Testing Construction Design 45 Predesign 2/26/2011 SWE Region A Conference
- 46. Once It’s Built • Persistent energy savings • Occupancy surveys • Recommissioning • Retesting a building that’s been commissioned • Retrocommissioning • Commissioning a building that’s never been commissioned 46 Creation Operation (30-50 years)
- 47. RCx: Trend Review • When to use: • Building is already occupied • Verify equipment is controlled smoothly • “Loops are tuned” • System is stable • Rogue zones • Determine whether demand based resets are working 47
- 48. Impacts • Older buildings weren’t built to current standards but they make up the majority of the U.S. building stock; 75%- 80% of all buildings that will exist in 2030 exist today; 86% of construction dollars go to existing buildings. • Retro-Commissioning has the potential to save $30 billion by the year 2030, which corresponds to an annual greenhouse gas emissions of 340 megatons of CO2 each year. (Evan Mills, PhD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
- 49. Why Retro-Cx or Energy Audit? • Energy Efficiency is complex • Good energy projects depend on particulars • Your building(s) • Systems • Operations • Occupants • Climate • Other projects • It’s all in the details • LEED Credits • Energy Star
- 50. Career Path • ME or EE or ArchE or CE • EIT • Work in design • Envelope • HVAC • Lighting • Controls • PE license • Work in construction • Coordination, startup, controls • ACP, CCP, BMCP • LEED AP • CLCTT-AT • CEM 50
- 51. Resources • PECI: peci.org • Pacific Energy Center: www.pge.com/pec/ • Commissioning guides for new and existing buildings: http://www.cacx.org/resources/commissioni ng-guides.html • Retrocommissioning: http://www.energy.wsu.edu/Documents/ BuildingCommissioning.pdf • Lighting Commissioning: http://goo.gl/YNFWuH (Part 1) http://goo.gl/sGJ9YN (Part 2) 51
- 52. 52 Energy Audits
- 53. LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings: Operations Maintenance Project Name Project Checklist Date © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc. LEED EBOM Credits Possible Points: 26 Sustainable Sites Y ? N Y ? N Credit 1 LEED Certified Design and Construction 4 Credit 6 1 Credit 2 Building Exterior and Hardscape Management Plan 1 Credit 7 1 Credit 3 Integrated Pest Mgmt, Erosion Control, and Landscape Mgmt Plan 1 Credit 8 Solid Waste Management—Durable Goods 1 Credit 4 Alternative Commuting Transportation 3 to 15 Credit 9 Solid Waste Management—Facility Alterations and Additions 1 Credit 5 Site Development—Protect or Restore Open Habitat 1 Credit 6 1 Possible Points: 15 Credit 7.1 1 Credit 7.2 1 Y Prereq 1 Credit 8 1 Y Prereq 2 Stormwater Quantity Control Heat Island Reduction—Non-Roof Heat Island Reduction—Roof Light Pollution Reduction Indoor Environmental Quality • Energy efficiency can get you ~half way to LEED Y Prereq 3 certification Minimum IAQ Performance Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Possible Points: 14 Credit 1.1 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices—IAQ Management Program 1 Credit 1.2 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices—Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Additional Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency Water Efficient Landscaping Cooling Tower Water Management • Energy credits are the only ones with a payback! 1 Y Prereq 1 Credit 1.3 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices—Increased Ventilation 1 Credit 1 1 to 2 Credit 1.4 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices—Reduce Particulates in Air Distribution 1 Credit 2 1 to 5 Credit 1.5 IAQ Mgmt Plan—IAQ Mgmt for Facility Alterations and Additions 1 Credit 3 1 to 5 Credit 2.1 Occupant Comfort—Occupant Survey 1 Credit 4 1 to 2 Credit 2.2 Controllability of Systems—Lighting 1 Credit 2.3 Occupant Comfort—Thermal Comfort Monitoring 1 Possible Points: 35 Credit 2.4 Daylight and Views 1 Credit 3.1 Green Cleaning—High Performance Cleaning Program 1 Y Prereq 1 Energy Efficiency Best Management Practices Credit 3.2 Green Cleaning—Custodial Effectiveness Assessment 1 Y Prereq 2 Credit 3.3 Green Cleaning—Sustainable Cleaning Products, Materials Purchases 1 Y Prereq 3 Credit 3.4 Green Cleaning—Sustainable Cleaning Equipment 1 Credit 1 1 to 18 Credit 3.5 Green Cleaning—Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 1 Credit 2.1 2 Credit 3.6 Green Cleaning—Indoor Integrated Pest Management 1 Credit 2.2 2 Credit 2.3 2 Possible Points: 6 Credit 3.1 1 Credit 3.2 1 to 2 Credit 1.1 1 Credit 4 1 to 6 Credit 1.2 1 Credit 5 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1 Credit 1.3 1 Credit 6 Emissions Reduction Reporting 1 Credit 1.4 1 Credit 2 1 Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance Existing Building Commissioning—Investigation and Analysis Possible Points: 10 Credit 3 1 Y Prereq 1 Possible Points: 4 Y Prereq 2 Credit 1 Sustainable Purchasing—Ongoing Consumables 1 Credit 1.1 1 Credit 2.1 1 Credit 1.2 1 Credit 2.2 1 Credit 1.3 1 Credit 3 1 Credit 1.4 1 Credit 4 1 Credit 5 1 Possible Points: 110 Innovation in Operations: Specific Title Innovation in Operations: Specific Title Regional Priority: Specific Credit Fundamental Refrigerant Management Documenting Sustainable Building Cost Impacts On-site and Off-site Renewable Energy Sustainable Purchasing Policy Regional Priority Credits Total Sustainable Purchasing—Electric-Powered Equipment Sustainable Purchasing—Furniture Sustainable Purchasing—Facility Alterations and Additions Regional Priority: Specific Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit Sustainable Purchasing—Reduced Mercury in Lamps Sustainable Purchasing—Food Materials and Resources, Continued Solid Waste Management—Waste Stream Audit Solid Waste Management—Ongoing Consumables Water Efficiency Performance Measurement—System-Level Metering Materials and Resources Green Cleaning Policy Minimum Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency Water Performance Measurement Innovation in Operations: Specific Title Innovation in Operations: Specific Title Performance Measurement—Building Automation System LEED Accredited Professional Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance Certified 40 to 49 points Silver 50 to 59 points Gold 60 to 79 points Platinum 80 to 110 Energy and Atmosphere Innovation in Operations Existing Building Commissioning—Implementation Existing Building Commissioning—Ongoing Commissioning Solid Waste Management Policy WWEE EEAA IIEEQQ
- 54. © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc. LEED EBOM Credits Energy Star performance: Minimum 69 Up to 18 points for a 95+ Energy Star score Possible Points: 35 Energy and Atmosphere Y Prereq 1 Energy Efficiency Best Management Practices Y Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance Y Prereq 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management Credit 1 Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance 1 to 18 Credit 2.1 Existing Building Commissioning—Investigation and Analysis 2 Credit 2.2 Existing Building Commissioning—Implementation 2 Credit 2.3 Existing Building Commissioning—Ongoing Commissioning 2 Credit 3.1 Performance Measurement—Building Automation System 1 Credit 3.2 Performance Measurement—System-Level Metering 1 to 2 Credit 4 On-site and Off-site Renewable Energy 1 to 6 Credit 5 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1 Credit 6 Emissions Reduction Reporting 1
- 55. LEED Water Efficiency Credits Credit Description Available Points TKW WE Prerequisite 1 Indoor Plumbing Fixture Efficiency 0 0 WE Credit 1* Water Performance Measurement 2 - WE Credit 2* Additional Indoor Plumbing Fixture Efficiency 5 5 + 1 WE Credit 3 Water Efficient Landscaping 5 - WE Credit 4* Cooling Tower Water Management 2 - *Additional points available
- 56. What do we audit? • Anything that costs $ • Energy-using systems • HVAC • Lighting • Processes • Water-using systems • Processes • Cooling towers • Irrigation systems • Domestic water 56
- 57. Audit Levels • How deep do you need to go? • ASHRAE Audit Levels • Level 1 – Walk-through / Scoping • Level 2 – Standard Audit w/ Analysis • Level 3 – Detailed Analysis (Capital) • Each level builds on the level before • Alternates: • Targeted audits • Retro-commissioning www.ashrae.org/bookstore www.kw-engineering.com/audits © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 58. Preliminary Energy Use Analysis • Analyze current use • Benchmark Level 1: Walk-through / Scoping • Identify Potential Projects • Only Rough Cost Savings Estimates Level 2: Energy Survey Analysis • End-use Breakdown • Detailed Analysis • Cost Savings for Recommended Measures Level 3: Detailed Survey Analysis • Refined Analysis • Additional Measurements • Building Model Simulations © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 59. Water Savings • Check for leaks • Install high efficiency aerators • Save energy • Water plants toward the end of the day • Buy more efficient water appliances • Take shorter showers 59
- 60. Energy Auditing Team • Trained and experienced energy auditor • Committed management • Engaged financial staff who understand risks and rewards • Trained building engineers • Trusted contractors and vendors • Utility account representatives • Engaged and informed building occupants © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 61. Energy Auditor Certifications • In-college • EIT • Post-college [none are be-all end-all ] • P.E. (Professional Engineer) • BEAP (ASHRAE Building Energy Assessment Professional) • CEM (AEE Certified Energy Manager) • EBCP, CBCP (AEE Existing/Certified Building Commissioning Professionals) © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 62. To be good in your job… • Auditing is a focus • Multi-disciplinary knowledge • Lighting, HVAC, controls, refrigeration, behavior, envelope, data centers, kitchens… • Integrated approach • Familiar with the latest best practices • Including newer technologies • But not trying to push them © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 63. Resources • How to Hire an Energy Auditor • (California Energy Commission, 2000) • www.energy.ca.gov/reports/efficiency_handbooks /400-00-001C.PDF • A Guide to Energy Audits • (DOE/Pacific Northwest National Lab, 2011) • www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technic al_reports/pnnl-20956.pdf • U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy • (extensive information on energy efficiency in buildings) • www.eere.energy.gov/topics/buildings.html © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 64. © 2013 kW Engineering, Inc.
- 65. Impact of Commissioning • Nursing facility has back up systems but occupants don’t know how to operate them. • Staff use buckets to transfer water to the facility for critical operation. • Water system pump had never been started. Staff did not know the purpose of the pump in the system. • This building was not commissioned. If it had, the staff would have been trained to know how to use the domestic water pump system.
- 66. Impact of Commissioning • Lake County, Florida – Central Utility Plant • Oversized chiller and Boiler replaced with ‘pony’ chiller and boiler • Sizes matched interim load and permitted much more efficient operation – min. first cost savings, operating savings $15,000 / yr. • North Carolina Central University - School of Nursing • Used design checks to determine equipment oversized with multiple, redundant units. Deleted one chiller, one tower cell, two pumps and the size of three AHUs • Estimated energy savings $10,000 yr.
- 67. What can we do to reduce energy use? According to Evan Mills, PhD, LBNL: Commissioning is arguably the single-most cost-effective strategy for reducing energy, costs, and greenhouse-gas emissions in buildings today. • Energy savings tend to persist well over at least a 3- to 5-year timeframe, but data over longer time horizons are not available. • Median commissioning costs: $0.30/ft2 and $1.16/ft2 for existing buildings and new construction, respectively (and 0.4% of total construction costs for new buildings). • Median whole-building energy savings: 16% and 13%. • Median payback times:1.1 and 4.2 years. • Median benefit-cost ratios: 4.5 and 1.1, cash-on-cash returns of 91% and 23%.
- 68. Benefits of Building Systems Commissioning • Ensure Compliance with Design Intent and Owner’s Operational Needs • Early detection of potential problems • Establish protocol for issues resolution • Reduce change orders, claims and Contractor call backs • Better building documentation • Shortened occupancy transition period • = Increase Value for the Owner!
- 69. Why should we care about buildings at all? Building energy consumption: • Represent over 72 percent of all electrical power generation, 55 percent of natural gas consumption • Responsible for more than 1/3 of our total carbon dioxide emissions Gordon Holness, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Life Member, 2009-10 ASHRAE President
- 70. What is HVAC? Why is it important? • HVAC: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning. • HVAC (or Mechanical) Engineers design the indoor environmental systems for the buildings we work, play, and live in. • Why is HVAC important? • Americans spend 90% of their time indoors. (source: EPA) • Indoor levels of pollutants may be 2-5 times higher than outdoor levels. (source: EPA)
- 71. Factors affecting HVAC System Efficiency
- 72. What can we do to reduce energy use? • Install energy efficient HVAC Systems and plumbing systems in our homes and offices. • Properly maintain these systems. • Properly operate these systems. • Implement the Commissioning Process.