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![Figuur 1: Motivaties voor duurzaamheidsacties in bedrijven (Bron: McKinsey Global Survey
results How companies manage sustainability, p. 3)[1]
[1] https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/PDFDownload.aspx?ar=2558
Motivaties voor duurzaamheidsacties in bedrijven
Bron: McKinsey Global Survey results How companies manage sustainability, p. 3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sdrequiringmultipletransitions-kemp3-230820013807-70e81354/85/SD-requiring-multiple-transitions-Kemp-3-ppt-21-320.jpg)
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SD requiring multiple transitions - Kemp[3].ppt
- 1. Sustainable Development requiring multiple transitions René Kemp Presentation for Studium Generale, Sept 19, 2012, Maastricht
- 2. Sustainable development is • a process of change in which • the exploitation of resources, • the directions of investments, • the orientation of technological development, • and institutional change • are all in harmony • and enhance both current and future potential • to meet human needs and aspirations’ (WCED, 1987)
- 3. • Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity (poverty, happiness, ..). • It is about protection (of environmental amenities) and creation (of well-being and greater happiness)
- 4. SD as a balance between economy environment and social issues • Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. • Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non-renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. • Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. (Jonathan M. Harris, June 2000)
- 5. SD as a moral obligation • A just, more equitable world, in which hunger is eleminated, people have access to basic services (including education), are not excluded from decision- making, in which income is distributed more equally, in which there is an ethos of responsibility and respect for others, including nature and animals.
- 6. Sustainability values • Recognition of interdependence • Self-determination • Diversity and tolerance • Compassion for others • Upholding the principle of equity • Recognition of the rights and interests of non-humans • Respect for the integrity of natural systems • Respect for the interests of future generations (Porritt, 2007, p. 314)
- 7. Strong and weak sustainability • SD as non-decreasing welfare (Pezzey 1989, 1992) ) • Environmental losses are accepted as long as they are compensated by economic gains (weak sustainability)
- 8. SD is subjective and normative • Sustainable development derives from social consensus on what we consider to be unsustainable and what constitutes progress, something that will differ across nations and localities. • “SD is political concept, replete with governance questions” (Farrell et al. 2005)
- 9. Domain definitions • In the case of energy, there is a consensus that renewable energy is sustainable (non renewable energy is viewed as non-sustainable) • There is no agreed definition of what sustainable mobility is • In the case of agro-food, we have disagreement about organic farming being sustainable (having to do with the larger land requirements).
- 10. Different valid viewpoints • Climate change is happening / is an unproven scientific theory • Geo-engineering is an attractive / dangerous way of dealing with climate change • The risks of nuclear power are something to be contained (through risk control) or avoided • With time substitutes for depletable resources will be found vs we should recycle materials • We are working too much vs we are not working hard enough • …
- 12. Sustainable development • Is a universalist notion • Whose translation in practical action is contested (because of practical implications and different values)
- 13. Do we need the term SD? • What does SD as a universalist and practically contested concept add?
- 14. SD makes us reflect about • Our needs and priorities • The link between natural environment, economy and society • Long-term system effects • Risks • Whether gains in one area are achieved at the cost of something else • Reforms, principles for decision-making
- 15. My own argument • There are no technological solutions to SD (sustainable technologies do not exist!) • SD is an ongoing process that requires multiple transitions in: – Energy, mobility and food systems – Resource use – Corporate behaviour – Governance – Knowledge production – Hearts and minds of people – People’s lifestyles
- 16. • For every complex problem, there is a solution that is simple, neat, and wrong ... (attributed to H. L. Mencken) • “One has to make up his mind whether he wants simple answers to his questions – or useful ones… ….you cannot have both” Joseph Schumpeter
- 17. About capitalism • Capitalism is often viewed as the culprit of the ecological crisis – It is efficiently serving consumer needs, giving people what they want, versus – It is fuelling desire and is associated with exploitation of nature and people • What we need is a Capitalism as if the world matters (Jonathan Porritt) and saner, more sustainable forms of growth (Dani Rodrik)
- 18. A transition in capitalism
- 19. What business is doing in terms of SD • Cleaner production • Greener products • Environmental management and auditing systems (EMAS) • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) • Charity (community work)
- 21. Figuur 1: Motivaties voor duurzaamheidsacties in bedrijven (Bron: McKinsey Global Survey results How companies manage sustainability, p. 3)[1] [1] https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/PDFDownload.aspx?ar=2558 Motivaties voor duurzaamheidsacties in bedrijven Bron: McKinsey Global Survey results How companies manage sustainability, p. 3
- 22. CSR has been evaluated negatively • The incremental approach of CSR has not made any impact on the massive sustainability crises that the world faces, many of which are worsening at a pace that far outstrips any CSR-led attempts at improvement. • CSR is usually a peripheral corporate function, even when a company has a CSR manager or a CSR department. Shareholder-driven capitalism is pervasive, and its goal of short-term financial measures of progress contradicts the long-term stakeholder approach to capitalism that is needed for CSR to have any meaningful results. • Despite the rhetoric about the “business case for CSR, as practiced at the beginning of the twenty-first century, CSR remains uneconomical. Most of the difficult CSR changes that are needed to reverse the misery of poverty and mass species extinction require strategic change and massive investment. These necessary changes may be lucrative in the long term and economically rational over a generation or two, but the financial markets do not work this way—at least not yet. Bron: Visser
- 23. Fair trade: a globalisation success Retail value Global sales 2007 2.4 bn € 2006 1.6 bn € 2005 1.1 bn € 2004 0.8 bn € 2003 0.6 bn € 2002 0.3 bn € 2001 .25 bn € 2000 .22 bn €
- 24. Going into debts • Imposes costs on future generations • Was a major factor in the 2008 crisis • Creates a continuing need for economic growth
- 25. Transitions to more sustainable systems of energy, mobility, houses
- 26. Examples of “sustainability transitions” • In energy: moving to renewables (solar PV, CSP, biofuels, geothermal, hydro, … • In mobility: bicycles, modal shift, intermodality, green cars, reducing the need for transport • In waste management: waste prevention, recycling and re-use • Resource efficiency as a cross-cutting challenge
- 27. A typology of innovation Adapted from Abernathy and Clark (1985)
- 28. Transformative innovation • Is broad in scope and radical in character • It is about the implementation of a system-wide novelty (system innovation) • It involves a wide diversity of actors and often takes decades to move from margins to mainstream • It is dynamic and non-standardised • It is disruptive from the viewpoint of incumbent actors (including users) Source: Fred Steward, Breaking the Boundaries.Transformative change for the Common Good, 2008
- 29. Possemarré (DE) • Passive homes with heat exchange system (100 m deep) • New destination of old factory • Located near public transport hubs to Dusseldorf and Wuppertal • Urban element in green environment (Neadertal) • Different age groups • Working and living • KFW loans for eco-houses
- 30. DESERTEC • Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) plants in the Sahara-desert • Parabolic mirrors heat oil in troughs to 500 C • Clean electrical power that can be transmitted via High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines with relatively little transmission loss to Europe (10-15%). • Heat storage tanks (e.g., molten salt tanks) • Waste heat may be used to desalinate sea water. • An element in HVDC- supergrid across Europe
- 32. Bike – train integration (NL) • Public bike at railway stations • 3€ per day, 10 € subscription • Bikes serviced and stalled • 1 million trips in 2011, large share of business trips
- 33. Intermodality
- 34. Mobility management • Economic incentives and information systems to reduce car traffic of workers (no free parking place, public transport subscription instead of a leased car, ..) • Public-private covenants • Flexible working hours • Mobility budgets and cards, with automatic billing
- 37. Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
- 38. Carbon capture and sequestering as a techno-fix
- 39. Sustainability gains may be found within existing regimes and in alternative regimes • Fossil fuels use can be made more sustainable: – Carbon capturing and sequestering – Fuel efficient ICE cars – Weatherproofing of homes – ... • But we should also explore alternative trajectories in a prudent way
- 40. Themes about transformative innovation • They are about systems • Sociotechnical elements • Multiple configurations (non-standardised) • There are dynamic • Sustainability benefits have to be secured and not just taken for granted • From small steps to step change (hybrid forms, branching, new combinations, ..)
- 41. Public bike system developments • Mobility card option • Company bikes • Electric bikes, scooters widening the range of access points • From an alternative to public transport to an alternative to cars • Public bikes at P+R sites • Smart phones to find public bike locations • Effective ways to deal with thefts and vandalism • …
- 42. Sustainable technologies do not exist! • All technologies have “sustainability” problems; the challenge for policy, business and society is to find configurations that are least problematic • Impacts are not technology-inherent but depend on use and on what is being done with the product that is displaced (example of refrigerator) • There are rebound effects
- 43. • They require land, critical materials, create dependencies,.. Renewables suffer from sustainability problems
- 44. Sustainability transitions include two challenges 1. A long-term change to alternative technologies and infrastructures, 2. Ensuring that values and consumer criteria change in the same move. (Kemp and van Lente, 2011)
- 45. The first challenge • Transformative change is disruptive, causing resistance from powerful companies and users • Regime-changing options compete with regime- improving options in an unlevel playing field – ETS favours the co-burning of biomass; – consumers favour fuel-efficient cars over electric cars for reasons of costs and range) • Hybrid forms and fit-stretch patterns offer a way out
- 46. The second challenge • Renewables have their own set of problems: visual intrusion (wind power), high costs (solar PV), energy security (CSP from deserts), .. • Better and more cheap public transport promotes mobility, public bike compete with public transport, not with cars. • Sustainable energy is about sustainable use of renewables and sustainable mobility is about reducing car mobility; • The second challenge adds costs and difficulties to the first challenge
- 47. Looking at different transitions • In the transitions to modern sanitation and water management, sustainability benefits were achieved but also missed • In the ongoing transition to sustainable mobility, the issue of material-intensity of mobility and excessive mobility are not being addressed • It will be very difficult to address these: Efforts to facilitate sustainable mobility may need to be reconciled with rival societal aspirations such as the pursuit of faster and more convenient forms of travel (Cohen, 2010)
- 48. A transition in governance • Alternative systems of provision require a change in governance: – New systems of provision as an orientation point for governance actors (government, business, CSO) – Less power for vested interests and less reliance on regime- preserving solutions – More reflexive forms of governance oriented towards learning, experimentation and adaptation – Firm control of what is not sustainable: to phase out what is not sustainable and create space for alternatives
- 49. • Transformative innovation presents a difficult issue for policy as it involves substantive risky investments, conflicts between emergent and incumbent actors and reconfiguring the traditional sectoral and policy boundaries (Steward, 2008) • At present neither innovation policy nor sustainability policy are configured to allow a serious pursuit of transformative innovation
- 50. • “Bij alle definities en omschrijvingen van duurzaamheid (…) wordt voorbij gegaan aan moeilijke afwegingen en keuzes. Er wordt gesproken in termen van een ´balans`, het voldoen aan het een zonder dat dit ten koste gaat van het ander, zoveel mogelijk positiefs en zo weinig mogelijk negatiefs, enzovoorts. Duurzaamheid is een soort vredig eindbeeld. Duurzame ontwikkeling daarentegen, het proces om dichter bij dat eindbeeld te komen, draait om het maken van prioriteiten, lastige afwegingen en pijnlijke keuzes.” (Flor Avelino)
- 51. A transition in values • More responsible & communal • Less materialistic • Self-improvement • Sufficiency
- 52. About materialistic values • People who are highly focused on materialistic values have lower personal well-being and psychological health than those who believe that materialistic values are relatively unimportant. • When needs for security, safety and sustenance are not satisfied, people place a strong focus on materialistic values and desires. Insecurity also makes it likely that people will pursue materialistic aims, as both inner predispositions and external consumer culture suggest that resources and purchase security. • People with a strong materialistic orientation are likely to watch a lot of television, compare themselves unfavourably with people whom they see on television, be dissatisfied with their standard of living and have low life satisfaction. • People who hold materialistic aims as central tot heir values have shorter, more conflicting relationships with friends and lovers. • People believe in materialism because society is so materialistic, and society is so materialistic because many people believe that materialistic pursuits are a path to happiness. (Kasser, 2002)
- 53. Sufficiency as a positive • “In a society devoted to ever-greater consumption, it is hard not to identify sufficiency with notions of sacrifice, of ‘doing without’ or ‘giving things up’. Such identifications are, however, misplaced. Certainly, sufficiency implies relatively modest consumption and simplicity in personal lifestyle. But these are not motivated by abstract aestheticism or self-denial, but arise from a perception that sufficiency in consumption permits a greater emphasis to be placed on other aspects of human experience, which are actually more personally rewarding and fulfilling than consumption” (Paul Ekins, 1998)
- 54. A transition in life styles and habits • Slow time • Eating less meat • Refraining from high-mobility life • Better work-family balance • More mindful (less poverty of mind) • Doing things that are meaningful
- 55. Going green: what we can usefully do • Respect all life and renew your bond with nature and its biodiversity (Self) • Improve your environmental awareness and knowledge (Self) • Practise the 3 "Rs" - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Self) • Spread the environmental message and influence others (Family/Friends/School/Work/Group) • Support local environmental initiatives and groups (Community/Local Environment) • Use your rights as citizens and consumers (Community/Local Environment Source: Jonathon Porritt
- 56. Conclusions • Sustainable development as the “wholly grail” can never be reached; it constitutes an ever-continuing quest (struggle) for societies and for individuals • SD as a progressive goal is a difficult concept for policy because it is normative, elusive, and involves contradictory requirements of support and control • Innovation may help us get closer to sustainable development goals but for sustainable development there are no engineering solutions, nor are their management principles through which sustainability development can be achieved
- 57. A plea for guided evolution Based on visions of progress but relying on evolutionary change in the form of ‘darwinistic’ processes of variation and selection rather than blueprints. Sustainable development requires wishful thinking but wishful thinking is also a recipe for disappointment.