Section a august 2012 (2)

INDIAN INSTITUTION OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
GRADUATESHIP EXAMINATION
Preliminary/A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Common for Old & Revised Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IE 002 ECONOMICS AND INDIAN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (Old)
IEA 08 ECONOMICS AND INDIAN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (Revised)
Notes:

1) Answer Any Five questions.
2) All questions carry equal marks.

1.

Define each of the following terms and give examples of each:
Production Possibility Frontier, Scarcity, Value, Price, and
Wealth.
(4+4+4+4+4 = 20)

2.

How National Income is determined in macroeconomics
through consumption, saving and investment function?
(20)

3.

Define economic development. What are the various
indicators of development? How development differs from
the process of growth?
(4+8+8 = 20)

4.

Define the concept of agricultural inputs and productivity.
Discuss the impact of co-operative movement on agriculture
and agro - based industries.
(10+10 = 20)

5.

Define Economics from the viewpoint of scarcity of resources.
Establish the relationship between need, want and demand.
Illustrate the concept of utility and value.
(6+6+8 = 20)

6.

Define the term GDP. What is the difference between GDP
and GNP? Define the term National Income. How National
Income is determined? How is National Income not equal to
GNP?
(2+4+2+8+4=20)

7.

Distinguish between the roles played by the Public and the
Private sector in Indian industrial development. How does
Government promote small scale industry in India? (10+10=20)

1

5

8.

Write notes on Any Two:

(2X10=20)

(a)

Law of diminishing marginal utility

(b)

Agro-based industries in India

(c)

Causes and nature of unemployment problem in India

(d)

Government's National Population Policy

.
———— × ————

2

6

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Revised Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 01 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS
Instruction
1)
2)
3)
1a)

to candidates:
Answer Any Five questions.
Use of Statistical tables permitted
Show the working steps clearly.

The national highway traffic safety administration reported the
relative speed (rounded to the nearest 5 Mps) of automobiles
involved in accidents one year. The percentages at the different
speeds were
12
20 Mph or less

2.0%

25 Mph or 30 Mph

29.7%

35 Mph or 40 Mph

30.4%

45 Mph or 50 Mph

16.5%

55 Mph

19.2%

60 or 65 Mph
1.
2.
3.
1b)

2a)

2.2%

From these data can we conclude that it is quite safe to
drive at high speeds? Why or why not?
Why do most accidents occur in the 35 or 40 Mph and in
the 25 or 30 Mph ranges?
Construct a frequency histogram using the end points
0,22.5,32.5,42.5,52.5,57.5,67.5 for the intervals

An executive commutes to work by two different routes A & B.
If she comes home by route A, then she will be home no later
than 6 pm with probability of 0.8, but if she comes home by
route B, then she will be home no later than 6 pm with probability
0.7. In the past the proportion of times that executive choses
route A is 0.4
i)
What proportion of times the executive reaches home
no later that 6 pm?
ii)
If the executive is home after 6 pm today, what is the
probability that she took route B?

8

Among the 12 solar collectors on display at a trade show, 9

1

23

are flat-plate collectors and other are concentrating collectors,
If a person visiting the show randomly selects 4 of the solar
collectors to check out, what is the probability that 3 of them
will be flat plate collectors?
2b)

2c)

If it is know that 5% of the books bound at a certain bindery
have defective binding. Find the probability that 2 of 100 books
bound by this bindery will have defective binding using
i)
Binomial distribution formula
ii)
The poison approximation to the binomial distribution.
If a bank receives on the average u = 6 bad checks per day,
what are the probabilities that it will receive
i)
4 bad checks on any given day?
ii)
10 bad checks over any 2 consecutive days?

6

8

6

3a)

In a photographic process, that developing time of prints may
be looked upon as a random variable having a normal
distribution with a mean of 16.28 seconds and a standard
deviation of 0.12 second. Find the probability that it will take. 10
i)
Anywhere from 16.00 to 16.50 seconds to develop one
of the prints:
ii)
Atleast 16.20 seconds to develop one of the prints:
iii)
Atmost 16.35 seconds to develop one of the prints:

3b)

Suppose the time it takes a data collection operator to fill out
an electronic forum for a database is uniformly distributed
between 1.5 and 2.2 minutes.
10
i)
What is the mean and variance of the time it takes an
operator to fill out the form?
ii)
What is the probability that it will take less than two
minutes to fill out the form?
iii)
Determine the cumulative distribution function of the
time it takes to fill out the form

4a)

A process for making certain bearing is under control if the
diameters of bearings have a mean of 0.6000 c.m. What can
we say about this process if a sample of 10 of these bearings
has a mean diameter of 0.5060 cm and a standard deviation
of 0.0032 cm?

8

A trucking firm is suspicious of the claim that the average life
time of certain tires is at least 28,000 miles. To check the claim
the firm puts 40 of these tires on its trucks, and gets a mean
life time of 27,463 miles, with a standard deviation of 1348
miles, what can you conclude if the probability of a type I error
is to be at most 0.01?

8

4b)

2

24

4c)

5a)

Specify the null and alternative hypothesis in each of the
following cases.
4
i)
An engineer hopes to establish can additive will increase
the viscosity of the oil
ii)
An electrical engineer hopes to establish that a modified
circuit board will give a computer a higher average
operating speed.
Tests of the fidelity and selectivity of 190 radio receivers
produced that results shown in the 10 following table
10
Fidelity
Low
Average
High
Low

12

32

Average

33

61

18

High

Selectivity

6
13

15

0

Use the 0.01 level of significance to test whether there is a
relationship (dependence) between fidelity and selectivity
5b)

In a study designed to investigate whether certain detonators
used with explosives in coal mining meet the requirement that
at-least 90% will ignite the explosive when charged, it is found
that 174 of 200 detonators function properly. Test the null
hypothesis P = 0.9 against the alternative hypothesis P< 0.90
at the 0.05 level of significance.

6.

Raw material used in the production of a synthetic fiber is stored
in a place which has no humidity control measurements of the
relativity humidity in the strange place and the moisture content
of a sample of the raw material (Both in percentages) on 12
days yielded the following results:
20
Humidity X

Moisture Content Y

42

12

35

8

50

14

43

9

48

11

62

16

31

7

3

10
25

36
44

13

48

7.

10

55

ii)
iii)
iv)

12

39

i)

9

11

Plot a scattergram to verify that it is reasonable to assume
that the regression of Y on X is linear.
Fit a straight line by the method of least squares
Determine the correlation coefficient
Estimate the moisture context of the raw material when
the humidity of the strange place is 40%

To determine the effect on exit dust loading in a precipitator,
the following measurements were made:

Total flow
(ft3/hr)

20

Exit dust loading
(grains per cubic yard in flue gas)

200

1.5

1.7

1.6

1.9

1.9

300

1.5

1.8

2.2

1.9

2.2

400

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.5

1.8

500

1.1

1.5

1.4

1.4

2.0

Use the level of significance a = 0.05, to test whether the flow
through the precipitator has an effect on the exit dust loading
8.

Write short notes on any four of the following topics
Be very precise with your description
i)
Chi-Square test for testing of independence
ii)
Sample space and probability estimation
iii)
One sample test and two sample test
iv)
Sampling distribution
v)
Design of experiments
vi)
Central limit theorem

20

————— × —————

4

26

Section - A
Time: 3 hrs.


August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 02 OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Notes: 1.
2.
3.

Answer any five questions.
Answer in brief and to the point.
Necessary calculations must be shown in your answer paper.

1.

A confectionary company mixes three types of toffees to form
one kilogram toffee pack. The pack is sold at Rs 17.The three
types of toffees cost Rs 20,Rs 10 and Rs 5 per kg respectively.
The mixture must contain at least 0.3 kg of the first type of
toffees and the weight of the first two types of toffees must at
least be equal to the weight of the tnird type. Determine the
optimal mix for maximum profit
(20)

2.

Find the optimum solution to the following transportation problem
in which the cells contain the transportation cost in Rs.
20
Available
W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

F1

7

6

4

5

9

40

F2

8

5

6

7

8

30

F3

6

8

9

6

5

20

F4

5

7

7

8

6

10

30

30

15

20

5

Required
3.

Solve the following assignment problem to maximize sales

Salesman

1
2
3
4

A
10
06
08
12

Territories
B
C
15
17
18
10
05
13
11
16

1

D
14
12
13
10

(20)

E
14
16
06
12
27

4.

Solve the following game

20

Player B

Player A

1
0
5

7
3
2

2
7
6

4
8
10

5.

Cafeteria with self service has an arrival rate of 12/hour. The
average time taken by a person to collect and 'eat' his meal is
20 minute's. Assuming that the inter arrival times are
exponentially distributed, how many seats must the cafeteria
have to accommodate each customer with probability 0.95.
20

6.

Explain the methods of Testing of Random numbers

20

7.

Write short notes on the following

20

a.

Principles of modeling

b.

The role of operation research in productivity
management

———— × ————

2

28

Section - A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Revised Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 03 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING & COSTING
Note:

1) Answer compulsorily question No. 1 and Answer 4 questions
from remaining six questions
2) All questions carry equal marks

Q1. (i)
(ii)

Q2.

Differentiate financial accounting and cost accounting

10

What is the objectives and importance of cost accounting
and finance?
10

From the following balances extracted from the books of
Dharmaraj & Co., prepare a trading and profit and loss account
and balance sheet on 31st December, 1991.
20
Rs.

Stock on 1st January
Bills receivables
Purchases
Wages
Insurance
Sundry debtors

Rs.

11,000

Returns outwards

500

4,500

Trade Expenses

200

39,000

Office Fixtures

2,800

Cash in Hand

500

700

Cash at Bank

4,750

Rent and taxes

1,100
1,450

30,000

1,000

Carriage inwards

800

Carriage outwards

Commission (Dr.)

800

Sales

Interest on capital

700

Bills payable

Stationary

450

Creditors

19,650

Capital

17,900

Returns inwards

1,300

60,000
3,000

The stock on 31st December, 1991 was valued at Rs. 25,000.

1

29

Q3.

Explain the following ratios in the perspective of financial
statement (Any Five)
a.

inventory turnover

c.

total asset turnover

d.

operating profit margin

e.

net profit margin

f.
Q4.

current ratio

b.

20

debt to equity

Dharmaraj & Co is introduced manufacturing facility in new
product A manufacturing process and analysis using the
following data:
Year
Sales Quantity Units

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

10,000

12,000

20

15,000

Initial cost of Facility Rs.2,00,000/- Life of facility - 3 years Scrap
Value - Rs 50,000/- Selling price of the product Rs.18/- Variable
cost- Rs. 8/-; Fixed cost Rs. 10,000/- Per Annum. Depreciation
cost Rs. 50,000/- Per annum. Contribution - Selling price Variable cost Draw Cash flow diagram, Estimate new facility
feasibility using the following methods ARR, NPV and IRR
Q5.

Describe the following costing systems
a)

Activity based costing

c)

Material costing

d)
Q6.

Batch costing

b)

Service costing

i)

20

A farmer wants to buy a new combine rather that hire a
custom harvester. The total fixed costs for the desired
combine are $21,270 per year. The variable costs (not
counting the operator's labour) are $8.75 per hour. The
farmer can harvest 5 acres per hour. The custom
harvester charges $ 16.00 per acre. How mnay acres
must be harvested per year to break-even?

2

30

(ii)

Q7.

Explain Break Even point analysis with graphical
representation

(i)

What is the role of industrial engineer in financial and
cost accounting?

(ii)

10

Explain Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
and international Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 10

———— × ————

3

31

Section - A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Old Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 03 BUSINESS ACCOUNTING & COSTING
Note:

1) Answer any five questions
2) All questions carry equal marks

1.

From the following balances extracted from the books of DMTA
& Co., prepare a trading and profit and loss account and balance
sheet on 31 st December, 1991.
20
$

Stock on 1st January
Bills receivables
Purchases

$

10,000

Returns outwards
Trade expenses

4,500

500
200

Sundry debtors

2,000

Cash in hand

500

700

Insurance

Office fixtures

2,800

Wages

39,000

Cash at bank

4,750

Rent and taxes

1,100
1,450

30,000

Carriage inwards

800

Carriage outwards

Commission (Dr.)

800

Sales

Interest on capital

700

Bills payable

Stationary

450

Creditors

18,650

Capital

17,900

Returns inwards

2,300

60,000
3,000

The stock on 31 st December, 1991 was valued at $25,000.
2.

Explain Basic principles of accounting and guide lines

3.

i)

Explain Significance of cost accounting in Industries
business operations and Techniques of cost accounting. 10

(ii)

Explain elements cost in total cost determination

1

20

10
32

4.

Dharmar & co producing a single article sells it at $. 10 each.
The marginal cost of production is $. 6 each and fixed cost is
$. 400 per annum. You are required to calculate the following:
•

P/V ratio

•

Breakeven sales

•

Sales to earn a profit of.$. 500

•

Profit at sales'of $. 3,000

•

New breakeven point if sales price is reduced by 10%

•
5.

Profits for annual sales of 1 unit, 50 units, 100 units and
400 units

•

20

Margin of safety at sales of 400 units

From the following transactions show the value of stock under
20
FIFO, LIFO and Weighted average methods
(1)

Schedule of Cost of Goods Available
Units

Cost

Jan. 1 Beginning Inventory

60

@

$10

Jan. 7 Purchase

90

@

11

Jan.15 Purchase

100

@

13

Jan. 25 Purchase

50

@

16

Goods available for sale

300

Sold a total of 230 units for $20 per unit. Timing of sales is as
follows:
Jan. 1- Sold 30 units (actual CPU $10)
Jan. 9 - Sold 70 units (actual CPU: 20 @ $ 10 and 5 0 @ $ 11)
Jan 17-Sold 100 units (actual CPU: 50 @ $13, 30 @ $11 and
20 @ $10)
Jan 28 - Sold 30 units (actual CPU: 20 @ 16, 10 @ $13)
6.

On April 1, 2011, Company A purchased equipment at the cost
of $2,00,000. This equipment is estimated to have 5 year useful

2

20
33

life. At the end of the 5th year, the salvage value (residual
value) will be $20,000. Company A recognizes depreciation to
the nearest whole month. Calculate the depreciation expenses
for 2011, 2012 and 2013 using double declining balance
depreciation method. And straight line method.
7.

Adhithya Machine Works collects its cost data by the job order
cost accumulation procedure. For Job 786, the following data
are available:
Direct Materials

Direct Labor

9/14 Issued

$ l,200Week of Sep. 20

180 hrs @ $6.20/hr

9/20 Issued

662Week of Sep. 26

140 hrs @ $7.30/hr

9/22 Issued

480

Factory overhead applied at the rate of $3.50 per direct labour
hour.
Required:
1.

The appropriate information on a job cost sheet.

2.

The sales price of the job, assuming that it was contracted
with a markup of 40% of cost.
20

———— × ————

3

34

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Revised Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 04 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
OF MANAGEMENT
Notes : i)
ii)

Question 1 is compulsory.
Attempt any 04 Questions from Q.2 to Q.8.

Q.1. Define Organization Culture? Explain the role of it in
determining the performance of an organization?
Q.2. a)
b)

[20 Marks]

Explain the objectives of Human Resource Management?
[10 Marks]
What is the significance of Span of Control?

[10 Marks]

Q.3. Explain the various functions of management in a typical
business organization?
[20 Marks]
Q.4. Write the Characteristics of following:
a)

Public Limited Company

b)

[20 Marks]

Private Limited Company

Q.5. a)

What are the characteristics of Line & Staff Organizations?
[10 Marks]

b)

Define Project Management? What are the functions
of Project Management?
[10 Marks]

Q.6. Define Production Planning & Control?
Explain the functions of it?

[20 Marks]

Q.7. a)

Explain the functions of Marketing Manager in a typical
business Manager?
[10 Marks]

b)

What do you understand by Scientific Management?
[10 Marks]

1

35

Q.8. Write short notes on:
a)

Flexible Manufacturing

b)

[20 Marks]

Industrial safety

———— × ————

36

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Old Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 04 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
OF MANAGEMENT
Notes : i)
ii)

Question 1 is compulsory.
Attempt any 04 Questions from Q.2 to Q.8.

Q.1. What do you understand by Corporate Social Responsibility?
How it is relevant in Indian business organizations?
[20 Marks]
Q.2. Define Motivation? Explain the Herzberg's Two Factor Theory of
Motivation? Also illustrate its applicability in Indian organizations?
[20 Marks]
Q.3. Explain the various functions of management in a typical
business organization?
[20 Marks]
Q.4. Define Organization Culture? What are the different facets of
healthy organization culture?
[20 Marks]
Q.5. What is the significance of Management of Change? Why do
employees resist for change? How to handle Change for the
benefit of organization?
[20 Marks]
Q.6. Define Leadership? Explain different types of it? Comment on
the role of Leader in determining the success of an organization?
[20 Marks]
Q.7. Define Management? How the evolution of Management
Thought did took place over the years?
[20 Marks]
Q.8. Write short notes on:

[20 Marks]

a)

Management: Science or Art

b)

Managerial Ethics
———— × ————

1

37

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.


August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 05 – WORKS SYSTEM DESIGN
Instructions
1. Answer Any Five questions.
2.
3.

Q1.

Q2.

(a)

(b)

(a)

Necessary calculation must be shown in the answer paper.

4.

Q1.

All questions carry equal marks.
Figure to the right indicates full marks.

Indicate the various steps involved in carrying out
Method study?

10

Give an example of a methods improvement study,
using operations Process chart?

10

What are the steps involved in conducting a work
sampling study?

10

Q2.

(b)

How will you apply the technique of Analytical Estimation
in determining the Work norms for maintenance
Department?
10

Q3.

(a)

Discuss the factors that are relevant to be considered
in a job evaluation Study?

05

Discuss the four major methods that are used in job
evaluation?

05

(c)

What are the uses of Learning Curve?

05

(d)

What are the advantages of predetermined Time
standards as compare to Stop watch time study?

05

Indicate the relation between high productivity and
High standard of Living?

05

(b)

Q4.

(a)

1

38

Q4.

(b)

What are the uses of Activity Sampling Study?

05

Q4.

(c)

What are the steps needed to control the effect of
noise & Heat in the Factory ?

10

Draw a Multiple activity chart with the following
information:

10

Q5.

(a)

An operator operates 2 similar machines
Loading component in the machine takes 0.5 minutes.
Machine runs for 5 minutes.
Unloading and keeping the component asides takes
0.3 minutes.
Draw the multiple activity charts for 2 complete cycles in
each machine
Q5.

(b)

Match the following:

10

a)
b)
c)

Stop watch study

iii)

d)
e)
Q6.

Analytical Estimation i)
Production study
ii)

Activity sampling
Multiple incentive
scheme

iv)
v)

Machine utilization
Motivation of indirect
workers
maintenance section
time standards
Mass production factory
Shift study of output

Write short notes on any four of the following:
a)

Install and Maintain New method

b)

Standard time

c)

Production study

d)

Workplace layout

e)

20

Job description

———— × ————

2

39

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.


August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 06 MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
Notes : 1.
2.
3.
Q1.

Answer any Five questions.
Illustrate your answers with well labeled diagrams.

Explain in brief method of Gas Welding. What are
advantages of Gas welding over Arc Welding. List out
any three Major Welding Defects and suggest the
methods to Avoid them.
(10)
What is Resistance Welding? Explain in detail different
types of Resistance Welding with examples.
(10)

a)

Explain in detail any four Sheet Metal Working processes
with neat diagrams.
(10)
What is Plastic deformation. Explain stress strain curve for
ductile material with neat diagram under tensile testing.(10)

a)

Draw a neat diagram of a conventional Lathe machine
used in workshops and mention Functions of different
components.
(10)

b)

Q5.

a)

b)

Q4.

List out any four major casting defects and suggest the
methods to avoid them.
(10)

b)

Q3.

Explain Sand Casting method in detail with the help of
neat diagram.
(10)

b)

Q2.

a)

What are Centre drill and why they are used ? What is
Steady Rest and explain in detail their function and usage
with the help of neat diagram.
(10)

a)

Explain in detail with the help of neat diagram Geometry
of Cutting Tools. What are the different materials used
for making cutting Tools? What is Tool wear and Tool
Life?
(10)

1

40

b)

Q6.

Explain in detail the principle and working of Quick
Return Mechanism in Shaper machine.

(10)

Draw a neat diagram of Gear I lobbing machine and
explain its working. Draw any two parts made out of it. (10)

a)

Define Jigs and Fixtures. Give principle of Jigs and fixture
design. Illustrate with Sketches example of both Jig and
Fixture.
(10)

b)

Q8.

What do you understand by finishing processes? Explain
any two finishing process with the help of neat diagram
and illustrate their use for any engineering parts.
(10)

b)

Q7.

a)

What do you understand by Limits, Fit and Tolerances.
Explain their importance in fitting machine parts.
(10)

Write Short notes on the following: (Any Four)
a)

Abrasive Jet machining.

b)

Investment casting.

c)

Optical method for measuring surface finish.

d)

CAD / CAM and their industrial applications.

e)

(20)

TIG Welding .

————— × —————

2

41

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.

(Old Syllabus)

August 2012
Max. Marks : 100

IEA 07 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS
Notes :

Q1.

1)
2)

SOLVE ANY FIVE
DRAW NEAT DIAGRAMS

A.

Explain various Data types in depth

(10)

B.

Explain the ER diagram with Example

[10]

A.

Differentiate between Analog and Digital Modulation

[10]

B.

Explain different Network Topologies

[10]

A.

Explain different normal forms in databases used

[10]

B.

Give the Truth tables for NOR and NAND gates with
Diagram

[10]

A.

Explain the term: Artificial Intelligence

[10]

B.

Explain Information Transformation of Organisational
Knowledge

[10]

A.

Explain the Pyramid Structure of MIS

[10]

B.

Explain Transaction Prcessing System

[10]

A.

How computers help in storing, retrieval and Processing
of Information
[10]

B.

What are the Strategic Information Systems

[10]

Q7.

A.

Explain the Term: Expert System

[10]

B.

How do you Maintain the Information System

[10]

Q8.

A.

Explain IT Project Planning in Brief

[10]

B.

Explain Database System with neat diagram

[10]

Q2.

Q3.

Q4.

Q5.

Q6.

———— × ————

1

42

Section-A
Time: 3 hrs.


August 2012
Max. Marks: 100

IEA 07 SYSTEMS APPROACH (Revised Syllabus)
IEA 08 SYSTEMS APPROACH (Old Syllabus)
Instructions :
1. Answer Any Five questions.
2.
3.

(a)

Necessary calculation must be shown in the answer paper.

4.

Q1.

Figure to the right indicate full marks.

Explain the contributions of any four of the following
towards system theory
1.

Q2.

Q3.
Q4.

(a)

(b)

Jay Forrester

5.

Q2.

Major Steele

4.

(b)

Nobert Wiener

3.

Q1.

Gerald Weinberg

2.

10

Stafford Beer

Has systems theory been successful in formulating a
law of laws applicable to all scientific disciplines?

10

Distinguish between open and closed system with
examples

10

Differentiate between soft and hard systems in the
context of manufacturing organization.

10

Explain the socio technical system approach with suitable
examples. Also state its merits and demerits

20

Draft a system approach diagram and explain its elements for
handling customer complaints, with reference to an automobile
ancillary unit.
20

1

43

Q5.

Explain the concept of subsystem coupling and decoupling
using just-in -time and conventional stores/stock control system
as examples.
20

Q6.

(a)

Q6.

(b)

Does F.W. Taylor's scientific management philosophy
support system approach? Justify your answer.

10

Explain the general problem solving process followed in
solving organizational problem through system approach.
10

———— × ————

2

44

Section a august 2012 (2)

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