Secure and Energy Savings Communication of Flying Ad Hoc Network for Rescue Operation

© 2021, AJCSE. All Rights Reserved 1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Secure and Energy Savings Communication of Flying Ad Hoc
Network for Rescue Operation
Swati Chowdhuri1
, Dibyendu Mal2
1
Department of EEE, Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 2
Department of
Physics, Heritage Institute of Techology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Received on: 05-05-2021; Revised on: 15-06-2021; Accepted on: 10-07-2021
ABSTRACT
The necessity of rapid deployment of military application in complicated terrain without using existing
ground-based structured communication system, it requires infrastructure less ad-hoc communication
networks mainly Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET). Infrastructure-based communication system
cannot work properly in these situations due to massive destruction and loss of services. Consequently,
information exchange becomes one of the major challenges in these circumstances. The transmission
mechanism for rescue operation can be done using a hierarchal routing technique that enables any
destination node communicate with ground-based server or any other node using intermediate relay
nodes within the transmission radius. For rescue operations, rescue team coordinate between ground
and FANET using rapidly deployable network with necessary relief efforts. Mobility degree of FANET
nodes is much higher and it consists of set of self-configured portable mobile nodes. Hence, lack of
congestion control, reliability, and energy consumption all are the main problem of such type of network.
To mitigate this problem we develop a minimum energy consume secure routing protocol which makes
the communication process secure and energy efficient for rescue operation of FANET.
Key words: Cluster, flying ad hoc network, impulse response, propagation loss, routing
INTRODUCTION
Due to growing demand of future wireless
communications systems, the recent research work
needs to progress on network architectures and
infrastructure deployment procedures so that the
network can properly utilize relevant frequency
band. To analyze the basic properties of radio
channels, the impact of interference in cellular
systems is major requirement nowadays. The
increasing numbers of wireless devices together
can improve bandwidth-consuming applications.
In 3rd
generation communication system the
focus is shifted from mobile telephony to mobile
internet access which is actually designed
with packet-based air-interfaces.[1]
In wireless
communication, suitable antennas are used for
transmitting particular information. The main
challenge of wireless communication system is
the unlimited mobility which evolves the concept
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Swati Chowdhuri,
E-mail: Swati.chowdhuri@iemcal.co
of mobile communication, for anywhere to any
time communication without infrastructure. In
the ad hoc architecture, all the nodes in the
FANET are flying in nature and can act as a
router without central infrastructure. FANET
can be rapidly deployed as this type of network
doesn’t rely on any external support. For these
characteristics of FANET, it is major solution for
many applications. They can be used as internal
communication between communicating nodes.
Using this scenario a group of FANET can share
and exchange resources and information between
each other. FANET can be used as bridge in case
of natural disaster or in special scenario in which
a communication between two networks is needed
when the ordinary communication systems
are lacking. This scenario can be temporarily
implemented for a particular mission when there
is some natural obstacle that prevents installing
ordinary network infrastructure. The range of the
network can be extended beyond the ordinary
distance of Wi-Fi or any other wireless technology.
Different routing strategy of ad hoc network is
described[2,3]
and cluster formation by using flying
Available Online at www.ajcse.info
Asian Journal of Computer Science Engineering 2021;6(3):1-7
ISSN 2581 – 3781

AJCSE/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 6/Issue 3 2
Chowdhuri and Mal: Secure and energy savings communication of flying ad hoc network for rescue operation
ad hoc node is described in.[4,5]
In this article
we describe FANET communication for rescue
operation. We propose routing algorithm based on
the transmission distance and effective energy of
the flying nodes in the network. The proposal is
as follows: In the first stage, we form a cluster of
ad hoc nodes considering effective energy of the
nodes. In the second stage, we propose an efficient
way of calculating the remaining energy of all
nodes in the cluster to save resources. In the third
stage, flying ad hoc network (FANET) linked with
master server (Data and operation center) using
velocity and location of the flying ad hoc nodes.
CLUSTER FORMATION USING FLYING
NODES
Here, we consider a model network shown in
Figure 1 where five flying nodes (n1, n2…n5)
form a cluster according to the basis of distance
and energy consumption parameter. Similarly,
other nodes form cluster 2. Data operation center
or monitoring center on the ground, track the flying
nodes for rescue operation via cloud networking.
Here, we proposed a new broadcasting algorithm
for rescue operation. Now, suppose N number of
flying nodes form cluster within a communication
coverage range. Let basic coverage range between
two flying nodes is L. The presence of multihop
operation can extend the coverage range to Lmax
.
The multihop can be conducted between at least
three nodes. The maximum distance between the
first and third one does not exceed 2×Lmax
. That
means that the maximum coverage distance in one
cluster can be up to Lmax
≤(N–1)×L (1)
There are three steps of the communication process
is considered for rescue operation. The first
scenario is the communication among the cluster
members. The second one is the communication
between two or more clusters, in case of very
large number of flying nodes or when two or more
nodes are moving in different directions. The third
scenario is the communication between the cluster
members and the ground operation center.
ESTIMATION OF REMAINING ENERGY
The energy between the communicating nodes is
determined from free-space path loss which in turn
represents the attenuation of energy between the
feed points of two communicating nodes. Consider
all the flying nodes are randomly distributed and
for simplicity of calculation consider each node
with uniform sensitivity (S). Sensitivity of the
nodes is defined as minimum received signal
strength to generate sufficient power output in
noisy environment. To estimate energy of flying
nodeatthefirststagewehavetoderivepropagation
loss. The impulse response is a wideband channel
characterization and it is required to simulate
and analyze the communication channel.[6,7]
The
channel impulse response is related with the
frequency domain transfer function of the channel.
Frequency domain transfer function is the Fourier
transform of channel impulse response
F[h(t)]=H(f).
Where H(f) the frequency domain transfer function
and h(t) is channel impulse response. Thus by
taking inverse Fourier transform, impulse response
could be directly related to the path loss component
of radio transmission. The packet transmission
rate of the integrated MIMO FANET depends
on the propagation loss or path loss parameter of
the network implemented in the heterogeneous
terrain. Evaluation of the propagation loss and the
selection of the optimal path will improve packet
transmission rate, security, and spectral efficiency
of the network is analyzed.[8,9]
The path loss of
MIMO FANET is shown in (2).[10,11]
PL
MN
H f
i j
j
N
i
M
f
= − ( )






=
=
∑
∑
∑
10
1
10
2
1
1
log , (2)
where M and N are the number of transmitting and
receiving antennas. |Hi,j
(f)| is the frequency domain
transfer function of the channel with transmitting
antenna i and receiving antenna j |Hi,j
(f)| is Fourier
transform of channel impulse response H’.
Thus, the frequency domain transfer function
(inverse of channel impulse response) is an
important parameter to estimate the propagation
loss in different terrain. In this section, a special
scattering model of MIMO mobile ad hoc network
is deployed to determine the impulse response
and that is to be used to evaluate path loss. In
the subsequent section, an algorithm is discuss to
find the minimum loss route out of multiple paths
using multipath routing protocol and is shown in
Figure 2.
The electro-magnetic wave transmitted from the
transmitter is reflected as well as refracted by

obstacles such as forest, earth surface and building
blocks etc. Reflection on the rough surface is
called scattering. This process also includes
deviation of reflected radiation. In Figure 2 it
is shown that two mobile nodes are distributed
in the free space terrain and surrounded by the
local scattering. The transmitter and receiver ad
hoc nodes functions are carried out by mobile
nodes and hence surrounded by local scattering.
As the transmitting and receiving nodes are
both surrounded by scattering, two ring models
are considered.[12,13]
To estimate the channel
impulse response, an EM wave E1
that follows
the path from Tp
to Rn
of the model network is
considered. Let, Tp
be the pth
antenna element
at the transmitter side and Rn
be the nth
antenna
element at receiver, whereas K1
and K2
denote
scatters which are associated with the transmitter
and receiver node respectively. α and β are the
effective channel coefficients between p to nth
element. The channel impulse response for single
channel can be represented as:
H
K K
j
D
D
D
T S
S S
S R
p k
k l
l n
11
1 2
1
2
1
1 2
2
=
− ( )
+( )+

→ ( )
( )→ ( )
( )→
exp
π
λ α
α β
β


















+
( )+ ( )
{ }










=
=
∑
∑
j j
k l
l
K
k
K
ϕ α ϕ β
1 2
1
1
2
1











(3)
where
DT S
p k
→ ( )
1 α
- Distance between Tp
toS1
αk
( )
DS S
k l
1 2
α β
( )→ ( ) - Distance between S1
(αk
) to s2
(βl
)
DS R
l n
2 β
( )→
- Distance between s2
(βl
) to Rn.
It is considered that an ad hoc node acting both
as a transmitter and a receiver uses multiple
antennas. The transmitter node has two antennas
whereas the receiver node has three antennas.
For each single channel, the impulse response
(H12
,H13
,H21
,H22
,H23
) for each antenna is evaluated
using two-ring model.
H
H H H
H H H
1
11 12 13
21 22 23 2 3
=






×
(4)
Ahybrid scattering model which is combination of
two-ring model and distributed scattering model
are described to evaluate which is the channel
impulse response of MIMO based FANET.[14]
In this work, combination of two ring channel
model and distributed scattering model has been
used to evaluate channel impulse response of the
integrated network. From the hybrid model the
channel impulse response of individual nodes
is shows in matrix from and all the nodes can
know the channel impulse response. In Figure 3,
transmitting node is provided with two antennas
and the receiving node is provided with three
antennas.
The waves are scattered from each antenna and
Dt
and Dr be the maximum scattering distance of
the transmitting and receiving antennas. Thus, the
calculation of MIMO channel impulse response is
carried out as given in (5)
H
S
R G R G R
r r
S
r t t
d r D
S
t d
T
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
= 





θ
θ
θ
,
,
,
(5)
Figure 2: Two ring scattering model
Figure 1: Deployed network for flying ad hoc network
communication

where S - normalized factor. Gt
and Gr
are random
matrices.
Gt
=[]S×2
(6)
Gr
=[]3×S
(7)
R t t
d
θ ,
, R
s
r
D
S
θ ,
,
2 R r r
d
θ ,
represent correlation matrices
from transmitter, virtual array and receiver,
respectively. The correlation matrix for any (j, k)th
element can be expressed as[14]]
R
S
e
d j k
j k j d
i
S
S
i
θ
π
π
θ
, ,
cos

 
 =
− −
( ) +






=−
−
−
∑
1 2
2
1
2
1
2
(8)
θi
is the AOA (angle of Aperture) of the ith
scatter.
Here, we consider sth
scatter where angle of
aperture signify by θs
. The overall channel impulse
matrix will be
H’=[H1
][H2
](9)
Thechannelimpulseresponseusingtwo-ringmodel
for M and N number of transmitting and receiving
antennas of the MIMO channel is expressed as (10),
H
H H H
H H H
H H H
N
N
M M MN
1
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
=












. .
. .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .




M N
*
(10)
Similarly, in MIMO channel the impulse response
due to random scattering is given in (11)
H
S
R G R G R
nr nr
S
nr mt mt
d r D
S
t d
T
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
=






θ
θ
θ
, ,
,
(11)
Where Gt
=[]S×M
and Gt
=[]N×S
The impulse response of the MIMO channel
would be
H’=[H1
][H2
](12)
Thus, the channel impulse response or channel
matrix for the MIMO channel where M and
N represent the number of transmitting and
receiving antennas could be estimated as
discussed above. The inverse Fourier transform
of channel impulse response is frequency-
domain transfer function.
Propagation loss (PL
) for MIMO integrated
MANET in combined terrain has already been
estimated[14,15]
asshowninthefollowingsubsection.
Let, PL1-2
be the forest propagation loss between
the communicating nodes where all the nodes
consist of multiple antennas, PL2-3
be the outdoor
propagation loss between two communicating
nodes with multiple antennas, PL3-4
be the indoor
propagation loss, and free space propagation loss
combinedlywhereonenodewithmultipleantennas
is situated in outside the building and another one
with multiple antennas is inside the building, PL4-
5
be the indoor propagation loss in same floor
between the communicating nodes with multiple
antennas and PL5-6
is the indoor propagation loss
in different floor. Thus, propagation loss models
are expressed as
PL
MN
H I
d d
R f
i j
T
N
j
N
i
M
f
1 2 10
1
1
1
4
0
2
2 2
10
1
−
=
=
= −

 
 ∗[ ]
{ }×

∑
∑
∑
log
, *












(13)
where d is depth of forest in meter, f is frequency of
the transmitting signal, R is radius of ad hoc nodes
and d0
is distance between two communicating
nodes.,
PL
MN
H I
Q A
i j
T
N
r
j
N
i
M
f
2 3 10
1
1
1
10
1
−
=
=
= −

 
 [ ]
{ }
( )




∑
∑
∑
log
*
* *
, *





(14)
Figure 3: Distributed scattering model

Q A
e g
l
r
r
r
∗
( )=












1
2 120 4
2 2
π
λ
π
* (15)
where e - Electric field strength
PL
MN
H I
Q A
i j
T
N
r
j
N
i
M
f
3 4 10
1
1
1
10
1
−
=
=
= −

 
 [ ]
{ }
×
( )




∑
∑
∑
log
*
*
, *





+
−

 
 [ ]
{ }
{ }
=
=
∑
∑
10
1
10
1
1
1 1 2
log
*
*
, *
MN
H I
L F W R
i j
T
N
f
K K
j
N
i
M
f
∑
∑


















(16)
where F - Floor loss (the value will be 2–3 for
same floor),W - Wall loss, R - Reflection loss,
K1
- Number of floor, K2
- Number of wall
PL
MN
H I
L F W R
i j
T
N
f
K K
j
N
i
M
f
4 5 10
1
1
1
10
1
1 2
−
=
=
= −

 
 [ ]
{ }×
{ }
∑
∑
log
*
, *
∑
∑








(17)
PL
MN
H I
L F W R
i j
T
N
f
K K
j
N
i
M
f
5 6 10
1
1
1
10
1
1 2
−
=
=
= −

 
 [ ]
{ }×
{ }
∑
∑
log
*
, *
∑
∑


















(18)
The effective value of received signal can be
estimated by subtracting the propagation loss
from transmitted signal. As the flying ad hoc node
is battery operated so to increase the stability of
the network power awareness of every node is
necessary that means each node must calculate
its remaining energy and announce it periodically.
Energy calculation of all the nodes is done in the
physical layer of the network.
In transmission mode, the transmission energy
is ET
× 𝑇, where ET
is the required energy
for transmission and 𝑇 is the time taken for
transmission. In reception, the receiving energy is
ER
×𝑇,whereER
istherequiredenergyforreception
and T is the time taken for reception operation.
The remaining energy of a node is calculated from
available energy and consumed energy.
Remaining energy is the subtracted value of
consumed energy from available energy.
After calculating the remaining energy, all
nodes should announce the remaining energy by
broadcasting these values in the network to help
the MS to create general idea about the energy
level in the network for further actions. After
that, all nodes have announced their remaining
energy and locations, classification of the nodes
role is applied. We pick the nearest node to the
distance threshold to serve as a gateway node
by which the message is forwarded from one
cluster to another cluster. In the other clusters, the
nodes are sorted depending on their remaining
energy and we select the cluster head which has
maximum remaining energy after transmission.
The nodes in the network may operate in different
modes (transmission mode, reception mode) to
preserve the energy in the network. Moreover,
provide stability improvements of the network. In
transmission mode, the MS or any node transmits
signal to other nodes by unicast. In reception mode,
the node is act as a recipient of either multicast
transmission or a unicast transmission.
PROPOSED MINIMUM ENERGY
CONSUME SECURE ROUTING
PROTOCOL (MECSRP) ROUTING
METHOD
Proposed MECSRP algorithm is presented in this
sectiontoforreliablecommunication.Alltheflying
nodes initiate the communication by broadcasting
a message to discover the surrounding nodes. The
message contains all the information of the sender
node. These pieces of information include the ID
number, velocity, location, and direction in degree
and communication equipment type. We define a
transitional state for smoother operation of cluster
formation is called S UNDECIDED. “Undecided”
signifies that a node is in condition to search
for its host cluster to become a member. Other
nodes within the coverage region upon receiving
the message will respond by sending a REPLY
message. In case of the responding node already
presented in a cluster, REPLYmessage will include
its ID number, velocity, location, direction, and the
ID number of the swarm. If it is not a member of
any cluster it will send FREE message that includes
its direction, ID number, velocity, and location.
The cluster head finds the nearest nodes using the
information of its group and the location of the
guest node. The new node will form a temporary
network with the nearest neighbor node. The
nearest node will work temporarily as relay node
to carry the information of the guest node through
Cluster Head to the rest of the network. Flowchart

of the function of sender and receiver node is
shown in Figures 4 and 5. The simulation result for
the cluster formation using this proposed algorithm
of the deployed network is shown in Figure 6
considering MATLAB simulation environment).
The effective energy of two communicating nodes
at different distances is shown in Table 1.
For each stage, two communicating nodes act
as a sender node as well as destination node. The
operationsoftwotransmittingnodesareasfollowed:
Function of sender node
Step 1:
Set the parameters for different terrain and
initialize the number of antennas.
Step 2:
Calculate H matrix and determine
Propagation Loss (PL).
Step 3:
Initiate routing algorithm and update data
table for each node
Step 4:
Input the number of nodes, propagation loss
between any two nodes, and metric (number
of hops) of all the nodes of the network.
Initially set Flag (F=1) for all nodes.
Step 5:
Initialize a variable (v) with propagation
loss between the first two nodes
Step 6:
Compare all propagation loss with v and
select the node with minimum energy for
transmission
Step 7:
On basis of minimum distance and
Minimum energy consumes the clusters
are formed
Step 8:
The message is transmitted from ground
station to cluster head via cloud computing.
Figure 4: Flowchart of sender node
Figure 5: Flowchart of destination node
Figure 6: Cluster formation of deployed network
Table 1: Effective energy obtained in the different
propagation environment
Propagation Loss
environment
Distance
between two
communicating
nodes
Effective received
signal power (mW)
Forest +Outdoor 30 3.336
Forest 70 72.591
Forest 60 53.334
Outdoor 40 6.396
Outdoor 60 10.371
Outdoor+Forest 50 22.311
Outdoor+Forest 60 26.308
Outdoor 50 7.962

Step 9: Message is encrypted
ENC-MSG ← ENCRYPT (MSG)
Step 10:
Add current node ID, path loss value to
the MSG.PATH and remaining energy of
each node to NODE.ENG
Step 11:
Estimate HASH VALUE of ENC-MSG:
Step 12:
Create a table using entry for PATHLIST:
DataHASH-VAL, PATH LOSS
VALUE, NEXT-HOP-ID NSG.PATH
Step 13:
Forward data to the next hop by selecting
minimum value energy consumed nodes
as mentioned in the routing and wait for
ACK within the transmission period.
Step 14:
If ACK of transmitted packet is received
within the time period then encrypted
hash value is extracted.
HASHVAL-R-ACK.ENC-HASH
Step 15:
Extract minimum energy consumed node
value Entry-PATH-NODE.ENG.
Step 16:
If the ACK is received by the last node in
Entry-Paththenthesendernodeidisincreased
by 1, except for the destination node.
Step 17: Stop.
Function of destination node
Step 1: Receive the data packet and check whether
it is intended.
Step 2:
Extract the value of the minimum energy
consumed node path from the receiving
message.
PATH ←MSG.PATH
Step 3:
Decrypt and extract the received message

REC-MSG←DECRYPT (MSG.ENC-
MSG)
Step 4:
For ACK message hash value is created
HASHVAL-C←HASH (NODE.ENG)
Step 5:
SIGN←ENCRYPT (HASHVAL-PVT-
KEY-DEST)
Step 6:
To find route transmit the ACK message to
parent node Step7: Stop.
CONCLUSION
In this proposed work, evaluation of channel
impulse response has been carried out to estimate
the propagation loss of the ad hoc network
with multiple number of antennas in different
environment such as outdoor, forest, or combined
propagation environment. A new algorithm
(MECSRP) is proposed here which is implemented
to find out a minimum energy consumed route for
reliable communication of FANET. High overhead
cost operation of collision during transmission
time are main limitation of this type of network.
In future we want to implement multilevel
hierarchical routing and time-slotted on demand
routing to minimize all the limitations.
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