Seed production techniques of bulb crops
- 1. Onion seed production techniques SST 504(2+1) Seed production principles and techniques in vegetable crops PRESENTED BY, Bhoomika V S MA1TBC0572 Jr.M.Sc. Dept. of Genetics and plant breeding KSNUAHS Shivamogga
- 4. • Onion (Allium cepa) is a member of the family Amaryllidaceae and one of the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. • Centre of origin: the region of iran and Pakistan, Mediterranean, central asia • Onion has plentiful chemical compounds such as allicin, quercetin, fisetin, other sulphurous compounds: diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide. Probably native from the south-west of Asia.
- 11. Seed Statistics: 1. Total Seeds requirement – 10,000 t 2. More than >90 of the area is under Onion production 3. Hybrids variety are grown in 6-7 % area 4 Seed producing organizations: Govt. organizations (NSC, Mahabeej, Universities) Pvt. Seed companies (Jindal Crop Sc., Kalsah Seeds etc, but mostly small companies) Farmers own seed (Lot of Scope for onion seed industry 40-60% untapped market)
- 12. • Variations in size, shape and colour Local genotype and unscientific seed production leads to
- 13. Doubles Bolters
- 14. Reasons for low replacement of seed in onion and garlic • High bulb cost at the time of planting bulbs for seed • High cost on storage of seed bulbs • Getting adequate isolation distance in seed production is a problem in onion • Low seed viability in both the crops • High competition with spurious seed • Absence of long term cold storage facilities • Long term cold storage a costly affair
- 23. Onion Seed Production Process Onion is a biannual crop, in the first season the onion bulbs are produce which after maturity are harvested and bulbs which are true to type are sorted and stored. The rabi and late-Kharif varieties are stored for next season and Kharif varieties are given rest for 15-30 days. The stored bulbs are planted in the next season to produce seeds. In order to ensure the seed quality grow out test is done. Irrigation 7-10 day interval depends on soil Earthing up after 2 months of transplanting Rogueing of diseased, yellow plants, premature flowers, lanky plants regularly
- 24. Maintenance of isolation for genetic purity • Nucleus -- Under Cage • Breeder -- >1000 m • Foundation --1000 m • Truthfully labeled -- 500 m Four field inspections: before flowering, during flowering and at maturity to verify true nature of plants mother bulb production stage : 2 field inspection is done
- 25. Bhima Super N-53 N-2-4-1 Bhima Shakti SELECTION OF MOTHER BULBS
- 27. SELECTION OF MOTHER BULBS The seed bulbs are selected based on varietal characters (shape, colour, size etc). Doubles, bolters , diseased bulbs are discarded. Top 1/3 portion of the bulb is cut to examine the number of axis of growing center, and to ease the sprout emergence. Preferably single center bulbs should be chosen The bulbs are soaked in 1g/litre carbendazim & carbosulphon 1ml/litre.
- 28. Crop Husbandry Planting method: Ridges and furrow method on drip irrigation is preferred method of planting. The bulbs are planted in a spacing of 45cm X 20 cm. 30-40 quintals seed bulbs are required for planting one ha seed plot. 15*10cm bulb production, 60*20cm (on drip) Nutrient requirement: FYM @ 25 tons/ha, NPK @ 100:50:50 kg/ha, apply 50:50:50 kg/ha NPK at the time of planting & remaining nitrogen in 2 splits, one at 30 days and 2nd at 45-60 days after planting. 1% spray of Polyfeed (19:19:19, NPK) at 30 & 60 days after planting & one spray of multi K (0:0:50) after 60 days of planting Roguing: Plot should be visited regularly. Yellow and lanky plants should be removed before flowering; plants with differential umbel height should be removed before opening of flowers; plants affected by aster yellow and stemphyllium blight should be removed before seed harvest.
- 29. Weed Management: Spray Goal @ 1.5 ml/L after planting of bulbs and one weeding after 45 to 60 day after planting should be done. Drying and Threshing : Dry umbels in open sun, threshing of seed can be done by rolling, threshing machine or combines. The seed should be dried in open sun till ≤ 6 per cent moisture level is attained. Average Seed yield: 500 – 800 kg seed/ha, in best management and climatic conditions 1000 to 1200 kg seed can be obtained Harvested at 10-15% moisture dried on ground Seed packing and storage: Seed should be packed in 400 gauge poly bags and treated with 2g/kg captan. BSS wire mesh size 10*10mm Crop Husbandry
- 36. Purple blotch Management: Foliar sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.25%, Tricyclazole @ 0.1% and Hexaconazole @ 0.1% at 30, 45 and 60 days resp. after transplanting Stemphylium leaf blight Management: Three sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.25%, Tricyclazole @ 0.1% and Hexaconazole @ 0.1% at 30, 45 and 60 days resp. after transplanting Anthracnose Management: growing of onion should be done on raised beds, which assures good drainage.Clean cultivation. benomyl @ 0.2% as soil treatment. Chemical spray as in purple blotch. Iris Yellow Spot Virus Management: Practice three year or longer rotation between onion crops. Eliminate volunteers, culls, and weeds in and around onion fields. Avoid crop stress. Thrips control may provide some reduction in iris yellow spot Thrips Management: Plant barrier of 2 rows of maize or inner row of wheat and outer row of maize atleast 30days before onion planting. Red Spider Mites Management: Spr ay dicofol (2 ml/l) as soon as the symptoms are noticed. Pest and Diseases
- 37. Supplementary pollination enhances seed yield
- 38. 38 Maturity 90 days after seed stalk formation Cut the water when you see the 50% seeds turn black Cut and place in a dry place
- 40. Thank You
- 41. Garlic seed production techniques SST 504(2+1) Seed production principles and techniques in vegetable crops PRESENTED TO, Dr. Gajendra K Assistant Professor Dept. of Seed Science and Technology KSNUAHS Shivamogga PRESENTED BY, Bhoomika V S MA1TBC0572 Jr.M.Sc. Dept. of Genetics and plant breeding KSNUAHS Shivamogga
- 43. Garlic Seed Production Techniques 1) Land requirements Land used for seed production of garlic shall be free of volunteer plants. 2) Selection of planting material and bulb treatment: bigger size cloves need to be selected. Studies indicate that the clove size has positive correlation with the bulb yield. The cloves should be treated with 2g/kg captan before planting Clove Weight (g) Mean Mkt. Yield (t/ha) Avg. bulb Wt. (g) % Grade A B C 0.4 – 0.5 7.25 17.1 37.5 23.4 39.1 0.8 – 1.0 8.30 22.5 48.3 29.5 22.2 1.4 – 1.5 10.6 27.1 54.7 33.6 11.7 Table1: Effect of mother cloves on yield of garlic var. G-41
- 46. Climate and seasons: Garlic is usually grown in rabi season however the planting time varies from region to region. In hilly region of Tamil Nadu garlic is grown in April-May and September and October. September to October in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. September to November in Northern plains of India.
- 47. Plantingmethodandseedrequirement: Broad bed furrow with drip irrigation Spacing 10cm X 15cm Seed rate: 500 Kg/ ha Fig1: Garlic being manually dibbled Fig 2: Healthy crop on drip irrigation
- 48. Contaminant Minimum distance (m) Foundation Certified Field of other varieties 5 5 Fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal purity, requirements for certification 5 5 Factor Maximum permitted % Foundation Certified * Off types 0.10% 0.20% *Maximum permitted at final inspection Field Standards: Specific Requirements
- 49. Nutrient requirement: FYM 20 tons/ha, NPKS 100:50:50:50 kg/ha, apply 50:50:50 kg/ha NPK at the time of planting & remaining nitrogen in two splits, one at 30 days and 2nd at 45days after planting. Rogueing: Plot should be visited regularly. Yellow and lanky plants should be removed; plants with differential maturity, height should be removed before. Weed Management: Spray Goal @ 1.5 ml/L after planting of cloves and one weeding after 45 to 60 day after planting should be done.
- 51. Water use efficiency of different irrigation system in garlic var. G-41 Particulars Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Surface Irrigation Water Applied (ha.cm.) 46.5 41.2 80.5 Water Saving (%) 42.2 38.9 --- Yield (t/ha) 14.6 12.8 12.4 Yield Increase (%) 17.7 3.2 -- A Grade Bulb (%) 65.7 60.1 55.6 Water use efficiency (Kg/ha.cm) 678.9 310.0 150.0
- 52. Curing and storage: The garlic bulbs are harvested in the month of May and needs to be stored for 5-6 months. The plant after maturity must be left in the field for 3-4 days and shade curing by tying in bundles must be done for 15 days. The bulbs must be stored with leaves intact till planting. Shade curing
- 53. Average Seed yield: 6-10 tons per hectare seed yield can be obtained. The yield largely depends on the variety used and the management practices. Seed standards: Average diameter of each bulb shall not be less than 2.5 cm or 25 g in weight. Seed material shall be reasonably clean, healthy and firm, conforming to the varietal characteristics of the variety. The bulbs not conforming to varietal characteristics shall not exceed 0.1 and 0.20% (by number) for foundation and certified seed classes respectively. Cut, bruised, cracked, immature or those damaged by insects, slugs worms shall not exceed more than 2.0% (by weight). Needs to incorporated: There are no seed standards with respect to germination and seed health particularly garlic viruses which are seed transmitted.
- 54. PESTS - THRIPS
- 56. Purple blotch Management: Foliar sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.25%, Tricyclazole @ 0.1% and Hexaconazole @ 0.1% at 30, 45 and 60 days resp. after transplanting Stemphylium leaf blight Management: Three sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.25%, Tricyclazole @ 0.1% and Hexaconazole @ 0.1% at 30, 45 and 60a days resp. after transplanting Red Spider Mites Management: Spr ay dicofol (2 ml/l) as soon as the symptoms are noticed. Pest and Diseases Thrips Management: Plant barrier of 2 rows of maize or inner row of wheat and outer row of maize at least 30days before onion planting.
- 57. Virus free seed production by meristem culture Garlic plants are usually infected by a mixture of viruses e.g., OYDV,LYSV, GCLV,SLV,and mite-borne mosaic viruses which are collectively called as the garlic viral complex. Yield increase of 30-70% is possible by using virus free garlic seed The meristem is devoid of virus. Culturing the meristem in tissue culture laboratory eliminates the seed bore viruses
- 58. 1) 2) Meristem extraction: meristem is separated from the cloves 3) 4) Surface sterilization: By using 2% sodium hypochlorite Culturing of meristem: MS media containing 1PPM Kinetin and 0.1 PPM NAA for 15 days Culturing in MS media for 20 days
- 59. 5) 6) 7) 8) Bulbil induction: in MS media with 1PPM Kinetin Bulbil harvesting and dormancy breaking by cold storage Virus testing by ELISA/PCR techniques Culturing in liquid media with kinetin 1PPM and 6% sucrose
- 60. 9) 10) Hardening Field establishment and further multiplication
- 61. Policy Issues Mass multiplication of seed by public undertaking sectors Seed village concept for seed production Creation of facilities for long term storage of seed at strategic growing points Creation of facilities for storage of seed bulbs Production of virus free planting material of garlic through meristem culture and distribution through central sector scheme
- 62. Thank You