Seed tech ppt. mustard
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Black mustard is an important oilseed crop grown in India and worldwide. It is grown for its oil, which is used for cooking and industry, and its nutritious oil cake byproduct. Hybrid seed production uses cytoplasmic genetic male sterility systems. Flowers are cross-pollinated after emasculation. Seed must meet standards for purity, germination rates, and freedom from weeds and other crop seeds. Proper land preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control and rogueing are required for high yields.
Seed tech ppt. mustard
- 1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MUSTARD INTRODUCTION: Scientific name : Brassica nigra Family : Brassicaceae Origin : Europe Common name : Black mustard Chromosome no. : 18 Local names : Mohari, Tikkya, Rai, Serson
- 2. Importance: The oil extracted from oilseeds forms an important item of our diet. Extracted oil is used as raw material for manufacturing paints, varnishes, soaps, perfumes, lubricants, etc. Oil cakes is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from oilseeds and is an excellent cattle feed Oil cakes are also used as fertilizers. Aids in managing diabetes and cholesterol levels Nutrients: Dietary fiber-59% Protein-50% Fat-44% Calories-23%
- 3. Area : 6323 hectares(India) Production : 7977 tonnes(India) Productivity : 1262kg/hec(India) About 35% Area of the total cultivated area of world is in India with 16% of shares in production. Rajasthan contributes about 49% to the country's total mustard production, followed by Uttar pradesh(11%), Haryana(11%), Madhya pradesh(11%), Gujarat(6%), West Bengal(5%), and other districts(7%) .
- 4. Land selection oilseed brassica crops can be grown under wide range of soil conditions varying from sandy loam to clay loam soils but thrive best on light loam soils. It could not tolerate water logging and heavy clayey soils. Plants can tolerate moderate salinity reasonably well but a soil having neutral pH is ideal for proper growth and development.
- 5. Land preparation : The field should be given a deep ploughing soon after the kharif crop in the middle of september. Thereafter, it may be ploughed 3-4 times with country plough followed by planking after each ploughing. Weeds and stubbles should be removed from the field.
- 6. Seeds and sowing : Maintenance of optimum plant population is essential for getting good harvests. The seed rate depending on type of crop varies from ; 4 –10kg/ha : line sowing 7kg/ha : broadcasting sowing The normal spacing is... Row to Row : 30cm (Toria, gobhi, sarson, yellowsarson, brownsarson, and taramira) and 45cm(Indian mustard, karan rai); Plant to plant : 15-20 cm. Though it varies from state to state.
- 7. Seed treatment : The seed should be treated with 6g bavistin /kg seeds, 2.5g imidacloprid/kg seed and 40g biofertilizers (azotobacter +PSB)/kg seed before sowing to control fungal seed borne disease, insects(cut worm, painted bug, leaf minor) and enhance nutrient use efficiency. An integrated disease management strategy for white-rust affected areas to control leaf and head phases of the rust includes seed treatment with apron 35D@6g/kg of seed.
- 8. Time of sowing : The normal/optimum date of sowing recommended for the region must be adopted for the best results. Mustard requires higher temperature for vegetative phases (30-32 degrees c max and 20-22 degrees c min) and cool temperature and clear sky during reproductive phase. Frost and cloudy weather during flowering time adversely affect activities of honey bees and causes various biotic stresses to the crops.
- 9. Source of seed : Obtain nucleus/breeders/foundation seed from source approved by a seed certification agency Sowing practices : Under dryland conditions, seed should be sown in furrows with ridge seeder for maintaining a perfect crop stand and better conservation of moisture. While sowing care should be taken that the seed does not come in contact with drilled fertilizer as it affects germination. The should be sown 4-5 cm deep, whereas fertilizer should be drilled at 7-10cm depth. To ensure good germination & early seedling vigour , seed must be soaked in water before sowing. This is best done by covering the seeds with moist gunny bag or directly with damp earth overnight.
- 10. Varieties : JD-6, Jagannath, saulabh, Aravali(RN-393), pusa jai kisan(BIO-902), Rajat(PCR-7), Krishna, Durgamani, kiran,CS-52, Maya,geeta, pusa bold, kranti, Bhagirathi, Pusa Basant, Pusa Bahar, Varuna, RLM-198, Trombay Bidhan Mustard – 204.
- 11. Manures and Fertilizers Mustard responds well both to organic and inorganic manures. FYM : 15-20 tonnes/ha;at the time of field preparation. N : P : K(kg/ha) 80-100 : 40-50 : 40-50. Half dose of nitrogen and full doses of rest fertilizers should be applied basal at last ploughing or through ferti-seed drill. Remaining nitrogen should be at the time of first irrigation.
- 12. METHODS OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION Cytoplasmic Genitic Male-Sterility System (CGMS)
- 15. Anthesis and Flowering in mustard 4 flowers with 6 stamens : 4 tall and 2 short. Worldwide there are 375 genera and 3200 species. About 55 genera are found in North America. Herbs with alternate, simpl leaves Inflorescencs commonly : Raceme.
- 16. Floral biology of musturd
- 17. Pollination
- 18. Emasculation Flower buds that open next day are selected and the remainder of the bud and flowers and flowering branches are removed
- 19. Intercultural Operations : One hand weeding and thinning at 15-20 days after sowing is helpful in controlling the weeds and ensuring better yield levels.
- 20. Water Management Mustard requires about 30-40 cm of water and the consumptive use of water varies from 200-300 mm. In general, mustard crop requires 2 irrigations, first at branching stage (30 DAS) and the second at pod formation stage (60-65DAS)are critical for higher yields
- 21. WEED CONTROL : Under rainfed conditions, one hand weeding 25DAS, while under irrigated conditions, 2 hand weeding 25-40DAS for effective weed control pre-planting incorporation of fluchloralin @1kg/ha or pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1kg/ ha are quite effective in controlling weeds.
- 22. Insects and Disease Management Sawfly : Dusting of 5% malathian dust @20kg/ha or spraying of chlorpyriphos 20 EC@0.05%(2.5ml/litre of water, about 600litres water/ha would be required) Mustard aphid : spray of 0.025% solution(1ml/litre metasystox 25 EC or rogor @2ml/litre)
- 23. Roguing and Field Inspection : All the off-type plants, easily distinguishable on the basis of plant characteristics, and other species plants must be removed before flowering to ensure pure seed production. Remaining off-types, if any distinguishable on the basis of siliqua characteristics should be removed before maturity. 1st inspection : before flower initiation. 2nd inspection : pod formation stage. 3rd inspection : at maturity. If the % or no. Of off type plants are less or equal to the given standards at the time of 3rd inspection, it is accepted for seed production.
- 24. Field standards A .General requirements 1.Isolation : Foundation : self-incompatible types –200m Foundation : self-compatible types-100m Certified : self-incompatible types- 100m Certified : self-compatible type- 50m B .Specific requirements Off types : 0.10%(foundation) 0.50%(certified) Objectionable weed plants : 0.05%(foundation) 0.10%(certified)
- 25. Seed standards Foundation Certified 97.0% 97.0% 3.0% 3.0% 10/kg 20/kg 85% 85% 8.0% 8.0% 10/kg 20/kg Pure seed(minimum) Inert matter(maximum) Other crop seeds(maximum) Germination(minimum) Moisture(maximum) Total weeds(maximum)
- 26. Harvesting and Threshing Usually mustard crops are harvested as soon as the pods turn yellowish and moisture content of the seed is around 40%. The crop should be harvested preferably in the morning hours, when the pods are slightly damp with night dew to minimize the shattering losses. Bundles of the harvested plants are staked and dried in the sun for a few days. Threshing is done by the usual method of threshing by bullocks or running a tractor over the dried plants. Seeds are separated by winnowing. Moisture content of the seed must be less than 8%at the storage time. Then a sample of seed is taken to seed testing laboratory for the examination of seed standards.
- 28. Yield : Under normal conditions, Mustard yields 2.0-2.5 tonnes/ha seed Storage : drying is recommended to ensure safe, long-term seed storage. drying should not exceed 65 degrees c air temperature or 45 degrees c seed temperature. It is important to remember that mustard seed id denser than cereal seed and that it will require 2 to 3times more static pressure to force the air through the crop.
- 29. Recent research works on MUSTARD : Mustard and its uses in Ayurveda. Combining ability and Heterosis for seed yield & its components in Indian Mustard . Genetic diversity analysis of yellow mustard. Effects of irrigation schedules and nutrient levels in Mustard…ETC.