Selecting Trees for Drought Resilience
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This document discusses selecting drought-resilient trees. It notes that drought is an increasing issue, causing tree losses. Trees have various adaptations for managing water loss, like reducing leaf area and temperature. Effective strategies include selecting native plants, looking for drought-tolerant characteristics, and choosing trees with extensive root systems. The document lists many resilient evergreen and deciduous tree species for Nevada, but cautions that some invasive species should be avoided. It emphasizes choosing the right plant for the site to minimize water and maintenance needs.
Selecting Trees for Drought Resilience
- 1. Selecting Trees for Drought Resilience Larry A. Rupp USU Extension Landscape Horticulturist
- 2. Resilience • The ability to spring back; elasticity • The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness
- 3. Why is drought an issue? Trees lost in Texas drought 300 million wild trees 5 million urban trees California drought – irrigation restrictions Utah drought – political ramifications Your livelihoods are at stake
- 4. Utah’s answer to drought? www.bbburma.net
- 5. My impressions of Nevada trees
- 6. Montello
- 7. Winnemucca
- 8. How do trees use water?
- 10. “Water loss is driven by atmospheric demand, limited by the available soil moisture reservoir, and modified by plant anatomy and physiology” -Clark and Kjelgren, 1990
- 11. The Paradox Trees must open their stomates to obtain CO2 Water is lost through open stomates
- 12. What happens in drought? • Soil drying • Drought stress occurs when soil moisture drops enough that growth and transpiration is inhibited • Water uptake decreases • Water potential becomes more negative throughout the tree
- 13. What happens in drought? • Tissues dehydrate • Stomata close • Cavitation of water columns • Results • Less photosynthesis • Direct damage due to cavitation, membrane failure, organ shedding, etc. • Susceptibility to secondary damage • Insect • Frost • Disease • More drought
- 16. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis)
- 17. Stomatal control
- 18. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Reduce leaf temperature • White, silver, or reflective leaves • Smaller leaflets • Reduced leaf surface area • Incised margins
- 23. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Reduce leaf temperature 3. Altered leaf surfaces • Thick cuticles • Waxy coatings • Scales or hairy coverings
- 24. Waxy coatings
- 25. Scales or hairs From Lai, Kratsch, and Kjelgren
- 26. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Reduce leaf temperature 3. Altered leaf surfaces 4. Reduced leaf area 1. Long-term adaptations 2. Leaf shedding
- 28. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Reduce leaf temperature 3. Altered leaf surfaces 4. Reduced leaf area 5. Change leaf orientation
- 29. Leaf orientation
- 30. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Reduce leaf temperature 3. Altered leaf surfaces 4. Reduced leaf area 5. Change leaf orientation 6. Develop xylem that resists cavitation
- 31. How do trees manage water loss? 1. Reduce water use 1. Adjust leaf water potential by closing stomates to limit transpiration (which also limits photosynthesis) 2. Increase available water • Keep stomates open to maximize photosynthesis • Use energy to search for more water
- 32. Phreatophytes
- 33. Roots • Extensive root systems with lots of fine roots are critical to avoiding drought • Deep • Fibrous • Rapid production of new roots Pine versus Spruce: Pine had 24 times as many root branches and tips and 8 times the absorbing surface. - Nobbe
- 34. Competition
- 35. Finding resilient trees Look for characteristics of drought tolerant plants
- 36. Finding resilient trees Look for plants native to dry environment s
- 37. Remember there are always exceptions to rules “Many xeric plants have adapted not to use water efficiently, but to survive drought” - Tipton, 1994
- 38. Single-leaf Ash
- 39. Bald Cypress
- 40. How much water does a tree really need?
- 41. Must keep the big picture in mind.
- 42. Can drought resilience be negative? • Invasive, highly competitive plants • Salt cedar • Russian olive
- 43. Resources for Finding Drought Resilient Trees
- 49. Your Collective Experience What do you think are the best trees for drought resilience in Nevada?
- 50. Links AbCo AcGi AcTa AcGr AcNe AiAl CaSp CerCa CerOc CerLed CelLae CelOcc ClKe CoOb CrDo CuAr ElAn FrAn FrPe GiBi GlTr GyDi JuMa JuOs JuSc KoPa MaSpp MoAl PiCh PiEd PiFl PiHe PiJe PiLo PiPu PiMo PiNi PiSy PoDe PoTr PrVi PyCa QuGa RoAm RoPs SoJa TaDi TaRa UlPa UlPu ZeSe End
- 52. Pinus monophylla Single-leaf Pinyon
- 53. Pinus edulis Pinyon Pine
- 54. Juniperus osteosperma Utah Juniper
- 55. Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain Juniper
- 57. http://www.landmarklandscapes.us/plants-database/ evergreen-trees Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Skyrocket’
- 59. Cupressus arizonica Arizona Cypress
- 60. Cercocarpus ledifolius Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany
- 61. Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine
- 62. Pinus nigra Austrian Pine
- 63. Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey Pine
- 64. Pinus flexilis Limber Pine
- 65. Limber Pine ‘Vanderwolf’s Pyramid’ http://japanesemaplesandevergreens.com/store/prod uct/pinus-flexilis-vanderwolfs-pyramid-4-year-graft
- 66. Pinus heldreichii Bosnian Pine
- 67. Pinus longaeva Western Bristlecone Pine
- 68. Abies concolor White Fir
- 70. Taxodium distichum Bald Cypress
- 71. Picea pungens Blue Spruce
- 72. Blue Spruce ‘Fat Albert’ http://www.twinspringsnursery.com/Picea.html
- 74. Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenraintree http://www.ayearinseattlegardens.com/ Paul S. Drobot
- 75. Gleditsia triacanthos Honeylocust ISU Forestry Extension
- 76. Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffeetree
- 77. Acer grandidentatum Bigtooth Maple
- 78. Acer tataricum Tatarian Maple ‘Hot Wings’ Hoernursery.com
- 79. Acer ginnala Amur Maple ‘Flame’
- 80. Quercus gambelii Gambel Oak
- 82. Quercus buckeye Texas Red Oak
- 83. Quercus muhlenbergii Chinkapin Oak • Sawtooth • White • Swamp white • Shingle • Bur • Pin • English • Shumard
- 86. Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Netleaf Hackberry
- 87. Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa www.chicagobotanic.org
- 89. Chokecherry ‘Schubert’ Winchesternursery.com Chokecherry ‘Canada Red’ Powellgardens.com
- 90. Cercis occidental is Western Redbud http://www.americansouthwest.net/slot_canyons/white_canyon/white-canyon1_l.html
- 91. David A. Hoffman
- 92. Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud
- 93. Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova Bruce Marlin, Wikimedia
- 95. Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear
- 96. Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm (Lacebark Elm) public.asu.edu Onlineplantguide.com
- 98. Sophora japonica Japanese Pagoda Tree
- 99. Pistachia chinensis Chinese Pistache
- 100. Malus spp Crabapple
- 102. Juglans major Arizona Walnut
- 104. Crataegus douglasii Black Hawthorn
- 105. Crataegus ambigua Russian Hawthorn
- 106. Resilient Trees with Caveats
- 107. Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Torres, Wikimedia
- 108. Tamarix ramosissima Salt Cedar Carter, et. al., www.mdpi.com
- 109. Eleagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Patrick Breen, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org USU Extension
- 110. Morus alba White Mulberry Bioimages.vaderbilt.edu
- 111. Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust
- 112. Robinia × ambigua ‘Idahoensis’ Idaho Flowering Locust ‘Purple Robe’ Davisla.wordpress.com Robinia neomexicana New Mexican Locust http://www.waterwiseplants.utah.gov/
- 113. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash
- 114. Fraxinus anomala Single-leaf Ash
- 115. Ulmus pumila Siberian Elm
- 116. Populus tremuloide s Quaking Aspen
- 118. Quaking Aspen ‘Prairie Gold’ “Adapted to the heat, drought and humidity of the Midwestern prairie, this Nebraska native brings lowland adaptability and disease tolerance to a high elevation favorite. Introduced by Schmidt in cooperation with the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum, Prairie Gold® greatly expands the planting range of this mountain species.” - J. Frank Schmidt Nursery http://www.springgrovenursery.com/picture/prairie-gold-aspen-tree-fac.jpg?pictureId=13445065
- 121. Boxelder ‘Flamingo’ Flamingo Variegated cream and green leaves with a touch of pink. Worth considering, but does revert to wild-type on occasion.
- 125. Points to Remember Right tree – right place means less maintenance and less resources (water) Resources to find the right tree USU Tree Browser Dirr Manual Avoid monocultures Natives are not a panacea Natives can help create a ‘Western’ landscape ethic
- 127. Water use by trees https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BickMFHAZR0
Editor's Notes
- #54: Pyramidal in youth, more open with age Interesting specimen tree I think is underutilized With the price of pinenuts it should be used more
- #55: Utah juniper Considered a weed by many Tougher than even scopulorum Some selections, but no varieties in trade
- #56: Native to our mountains Very common in the trade Drought tolerant Probably over planted and people are tired of it Good, tough, tolerant plant
- #61: Common all over our mountains Deer will browse, but don’t hurt it Interesting seed Broadleaf evergreen Gray/green color Some will get up to 25-30 feet tall but generally a small tree Would need to be pruned to a nice single leader Very uneven crown Poential with brooms
- #65: Native to high, dry ridges where it is usually showing the effects of altitude. Attractive selections Vanderwolfs is a nice tree
- #68: Slow growing Not typical pine form “foxtail” type growth, 5 needle pine
- #72: Very common. Almost every home in Cache Valley has one. Standard tree is very large. Often planted in poor spots Subject to windthrow Natural and nursery selections are smaller and have better blue color Susceptible to spruce gall adelgid
- #81: Lots of pest problems but handles them okay Produces acorns (may or may not be a problem) Suckers from roots or lignotuber (typical groves, care with herbicides) No cultivars. Seed only propagation at this point Check out other oak varieties in Utah
- #89: Jellies Fragrant flowers Prunus, so usual insect problems Tough
- #90: Canada Red is a sport of Schubert Inconspicuous fruit and flower Suckers Tent caterpillars Very tough 25-30 feet tall Green leaves fading to purple
- #91: Mostly on the Colorado Plateau Beautiful spring blossom before the leaves emerge
- #105: Thorns are a problem Good for riparian areas Small tree Good for screening
- #115: Colorado plateau Haven’t seen borers bother it Seems to propagate okay Stiff, curious how it will do in snow Single leaf Bunches of seeds
- #117: Problems with suckers and borers Never does as well in the valleys as it does in the mountains Good example of what is and isn’t native Prairie Gold is a new variety from Nebraska that is supposed to have good characterists Do not recommend for residential landscapes in valley areas
- #120: Trashy tree Beautiful yellow fall leaf color (City creek Canyon) Even the cultivars struggle to be nice If you have a female tree you will have boxelder bugs Subject to galls Commonly found in riparian areas
- #123: Fast growing, short lived, trashy trees Good for riparian areas Away from homes or buildings Cottonwoods will get big and then you have to decide what to do with them