Seminar Report on Quantum Key Distribution

A
Seminar-II Report
on
QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION
Submitted in Partial Fulﬁllment of
the Requirements for the Degree
of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Engineering
to
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
Submitted by
Shahrukh A. Khan
Under the Guidance of
Mr M.E Patil
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
2015 - 2016

SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar-ii entitled Quantum Key Distribution, submitted
by
Shahrukh A. Khan
in partial fulﬁllment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering
has been satisfactorily carried out under my guidance as per the requirement of North
Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.
Date: October 6, 2015
Place: Jalgaon
Mr M.E Patil
Guide
Prof. Dr. Girish K. Patnaik Prof. Dr. K. S. Wani
Head Principal
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) i

Acknowledgements
Apart from the my eﬀorts the success of any work depends largely on the encouragement
and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people
who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this seminar work.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards our Seminar Guide Mr M.E Patil
for his support and valuable guidance which resulted in the successful completion of seminar.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Head of Department Prof. Dr. Girish K.
Patnaik (Department of Computer Engineering), for his valuable guidance and encourage-
ment during the work.
I would like to take opportunity to sincerely thanks to all the concern individuals, family
members, friends, who made my seminar success. I also thanks all those people who helped
me in anyway what so ever act some point in time.
Shahrukh A. Khan
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) ii

Contents
Acknowledgements ii
Abstract 1
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Classical Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Classical Cryptography Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Elements of Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Quantum Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Literature Survey 8
2.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Methodology 11
3.1 Overview of Quantum Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.1 Quantum Key Distribution BB84 QKD Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Why Quantum Cryptography is needed in 802.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 IEEE 802.11 WLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Robust Security Network Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Discussion 18
4.1 Quantum Cryptography Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Security Issues in Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Advantages of Quantum Cryptography in Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Alternative Approches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iii

5 Conclusion 23
5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bibliography 24
Index 25
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iv

List of Figures
1.1 Relationship between Data Security and Cryptology. . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Process of Cryptography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Symmetric Key Cryptography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Asymmetric Key Cryptography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Polarization of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Photon Polarization using Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Quantum Key Distribution Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 IEEE 802.11 Architecture (Single Cell). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Pairwise Key Hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) v

Abstract
Wireless network is one of most important modes of communication. So providing
security to the information being communicated through wireless networks is very impor-
tant issue. Classical cryptography provides conditional security which has many loop holes
whereas quantum cryptography promises to be unconditionally secure for wireless networks.
In the present paper, we have implemented quantum cryptography in wireless communication
systems using a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol.
SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 1

Chapter 1
Introduction
Over the last two decades an interesting field of (cryptography) has raised from non
classical atomic theory, Quantum Physics. This field is called Quantum cryptography. Unlike
the classical cryptography of public and private key ciphers which analyze the strength of a
cipher by means of mathematical attacks and formulas, the security of quantum cryptography
is ensured by laws of Quantum Physics.[1]
Cryptography is the technique for secure communication of data in the presence of
third parties, called adversary.Classical cryptography is based on the complexity of some
mathematical function which is a one way function. The security is as strong as difficult
to revert it. It provides conditional security. The main weakness of classical cryptography
is that it does not provide any method to sender and receiver to find out the presence of
adversary. Since the most often used classical cryptographic method is RSA which is based
on difficulty of factorization of a number obtained by product of two large primes. As
quantum computer becomes functional all types of classical cryptosystem become breakable
while keeping all these shortcomings in classical cryptosystem in mind, people started to
think beyond it for securing future electronic communication. Quantum cryptography deals
with almost all loopholes found in classical cryptosystem. For the first time in cryptography,
quantum mechanical forces have been used to obtain an unconditionally secure cryptosystem.
In first part we discuss some classical cryptosystems and their weaknesses, second part
involves the discussion about the quantum computing and quantum cryptography, and in
third part we give a brief introduction of wireless LANs and security mechanisms. In last
part, we implement the quantum cryptography in wireless LAN.[2]
1.1 Classical Cryptography
Cryptology is defined as the practice and study of techniques for secure communications
in presence of adversaries (third parties), which underpin cryptography and cryptanalysis.

Figure 1.1: Relationship between Data Security and Cryptology.
Fig. Shows the hierarchy between data security and cryptology.Figur shown Relationship
between Data Security and Cryptology.
Cryptography is composed of two major goals:
• Information privacy: For keeping information transmitted via a network private with-
out giving any information to a third party and
• Authentication: To check the integrity of the message received by the user from another
party connected via the same network.
Cryptography operates by a senders’ transmittal of an encrypted message in a system-
atic manner that conceals its original meaning that is then recovered by the receiver who
decrypts the transmission to get the original message. Numerous cryptosystems operate al-
gorithms that are utilized in the method of cryptography to preserve security. These systems
are outlined on a group of speciﬁc parameters, known as a key, which is used in combination
of original message as an input to the encrypting algorithm. The encrypted message together
with the key serves as the input for the receiver when applying the decrypting algorithm.
Fig. Shows the process of cryptography.[3]
Data security depends entirely on the secrecy of the key. Classically cryptography
algorithms are divided into two forms depending on key distribution techniques:
1. Symmetric Key Algorithms
2. Asymmetric Key Algorithms

Figure 1.2: Process of Cryptography.
Cryptanalysis on the other hand refers to study of cryptosystems with a view to ﬁnding
weaknesses in them that will permit retrieval of the original message from the encrypted
message, without the knowledge of the key or the algorithm used.
1.2 Classical Cryptography Techniques
• (Symmetric) Key Algorithms
Cryptosystems that make use of symmetric key distribution use same key for (en-
cryption) and (decryption). This method is also known as secret key cryptography. Secure
communication channel in key management is achieved only if the symmetric keys are pre-
distributed in to every pair of interactive systems. Fig. Shows the process of symmetric key
cryptography.
Figure 1.3: Symmetric Key Cryptography.

• Asymmetric Key Cryptography
Cryptosystems that make use of (asymmetric) key distribution use a public key system
that consists of two parts: a Private key, which is kept secret and a Public key, which is
distributed over the network. The sender encrypts the message using the public key of
the receiver. The receiver makes use of its private key to decrypt the message. In such a
distribution the private key is never in transit and hence less vulnerable to security issues.
Fig. Shows the process of asymmetric key cryptography.
Figure 1.4: Asymmetric Key Cryptography.
• Key Distribution Problem
Classical Cryptography suﬀers from Key Distribution problem, how to communicate
the key securely between two pair of users. For years, it was believed that the only possibility
to solve the key distribution problem was to send some physical medium a disk for containing
the key. In the digital era, this requirement is clearly unpractical. In addition, it is not
possible to check whether this medium was intercepted and its content copied or not.
Public key cryptography came as a solution to this, but these too are slow and cannot be
used to encrypt large amount of data. Public key cryptography suﬀers because even though
one way functions have not been yet reversed with technological and mathematical advances
it is possible.

1.3 Elements of Quantum Theory
Light waves are made up of millions of discrete quanta called Photons. They are
massless and have energy, momentum and angular momentum called spin. Spin carries the
polarization. These photons are indivisible much like Atoms it just that they are units of
lights. Photons can be polarized from 0to 360and intermediate spin positions like 45or 90
can be detected using filters inclined to certain directions.
Figure 1.5: Polarization of Light.
In 1.5 we can see that light from a bulb passes through a (polarization) filter with is
inclined to 90so we get vertical ray of light out of it, if we place another filer that is inclined
differently rays are again rotated. If the rays are at orthogonal angle to the filter we will get
no output.
The advantage of this kind of polarized light is that once we pass the light through
2nd filter we don’t know what was the orientation of light rays after 1st filter. So in that
channel privacy is maintained.
1.4 Quantum Communication
In telecommunication networks, light is routinely used to exchange information. For
each bit of information, a pulse is emitted and sent down an optical fiber a thin fiber of
glass used to carry light signals to the receiver, where it is registered and transformed back
into an electronic signal. These pulses typically contain millions of photons.
In (quantum) cryptography, one can follow the same approach, with the only difference
that the pulses contain only a single photon. A single photon represents a very tiny amount
of light when reading this article your eyes register billions of photons.

Quantum cryptography solves the key distribution problem by allowing the exchange
of a cryptographic key between two remote parties with absolute security, guaranteed by the
laws of physics. This key can then be used with conventional cryptographic algorithms.
1.5 Summary
In this chapter, Introduction of Quantum Cryptography and It’s Integration With
802.11 WLAN for solving problem to Wireless network. Classical Cryptography and Tech-
niques,Elements of Quantum Theory are discussion in this chapter. Next chapter we will see
about Related work and objective.

Chapter 2
Literature Survey
In this chapter, we will see the literature review say about this topic and related work,objective
also described.
In section brief introduction literature survey , or literature review of Quantum Cryp-
tography. Described in section 2.1, Objective provided. In section 2.2, Related working of
quantum cryptography. In last section summary of this chapter.
A literature survey, or literature review, means that anyone read and report on what
the literature in the field has to say about any topic or subject. There may be a lot of
literature on the topic or there may be a little.Either way, the goal is to show that he has
read and understand the positions of other academics who have studied the problem/issue
that he is studying and include that in ones seminar. It allows reader to establish his
theoretical framework and methodological focus. Even if he is proposing a new theory or a
new method, he is doing so in relation to what has been done.
1. Charles H. Bennett & Gilles Brassard has found firstly that how photon transmission
occurs in quantum channel for making secure communication and they proposed the
new protocol as Coin tossing as BB84 by exchange of quantum massage which is secure
against traditional kind of cheating.
2. Changhua He John C Mitchell analyze the IEEE 802.11i wireless networking standard
may provide satisfactory mutual authentication and key management. 802.11i IEEE
standard designed to provide enhanced MAC security in wireless networks.
3. A.Falahati , Hadi Meshgi has proposed the system which used quantum technique
for the distribution of encryption keys in 802.11 wireless networks and analyzed that
if QBER ratio is increased then eves dropper is detected also they present modified
4-way handshake to integrate the BB84 protocol with 802.11

4. Xu Huang,Shirantha Wijesekera and Dharmendra Sharma,2009 again modified the
previous work of QKD in 802.11 IEEE wireless networks by representing a new code
called Quantum Message Integrity Code(Q-MIC) which provides mutual authentication
between the two communication parties and its implementation.
2.1 Objective
The present work is intended to meet the following objectives:
1. Investigate potential (susceptibility) and security issues present in wireless network
communication.
2. Provide a framework for unconditional (security) in wireless networking using quantum
key distribution (QKD).
3. Discuss the benefits of Quantum Cryptography in ubiquitous computing.
2.2 Related Work
Quantum cryptography is described as a point-to-point secure key generation tech-
nology that has emerged in recent times in providing absolute security. Researchers have
started studying new innovative approaches to exploit the security of QKD for a large-scale
communication system. A number of approaches and models for utilization of QKD for
secure communication have been developed.
The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics created a new paradigm for QKD.
One of the approaches for use of QKD involved network fashioned security. BBN DARPA
quantum network is an example of such network. Researchers at Boston, Harvard University,
and BBN technologies jointly developed the DARPA Quantum Network in 2004. The main
goal was point-to-point Quantum network that exploited QKD technology for end-to-end
network security via high speed QKD.
Other approaches and models equipped with QKD in network fashion are introduced
in the literature as [15-16]. A different approach that this paper deals with is using QKD
in existing protocols, which are widely used on the Internet to enhance security with main
objective of unconditional security. Papers present models and schemes to integrate QKD
in classical security protocols like IPsec, PPP and TLS.

Related to the same approach we argue our work presents a new scheme to show how
to integrate QKD in wireless network protocols.
2.3 Summary
In this chapter, In discussion about literature survey of Quantum cryptography. also objec-
tive of quantum cryptography and related work of quantum cryptography technology.Next
chapter we will see about Related work and objective.

Chapter 3
Methodology
In section 3.1, brief introduction Overview of Quantum Cryptography. Described in
section 3.2, Quantum Key Distribution BB84 QKD Protocol.In section 3.3, Why Quantum
Cryptography is needed in 802.11. In last section IEEE 802.11 WLANs and Robust Security
Network Association.
3.1 Overview of Quantum Cryptography
Quantum cryptography is an evolving technology that provides safety and security
for network communication by performing cryptographic tasks using quantum mechanical
effects.Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technique that is an application of quantum
cryptography that has gained popularity recently since it overcomes the flaws of conventional
cryptography. QKD makes the secure distribution of the key among different parties possible
by using properties of physics.
The quantum states of photons are used and the security key information is transmitted
via polarized photons that contain the message denoted by bits (0 or 1) and each photon
contains one bit of quantum information called as Qubit. The sender sends the polarized
photon to the receiver. At the receiver end, the user determines the photon polarization by
passing it through a filter and checks for any modifications in the received bits of photons
when compared to the bits measured by the receiver. Any modifications found would show
that there has been an intrusion from a third party because the intrusion would irreversibly
change the encoded data in the photon of either the sender or the receiver. This method
is based on the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle that states that the quantum state cant
be measured without disturbing the state of either the sender or the receiver and hence
introducing an anomaly in the quantum system that can be noticed by users as an intrusion.

Thus, Quantum cryptography applies the principles of physics governed by the laws of
quantum mechanics for distributing the secret cryptographic key among the parties involved
in the cryptosystem in a manner that makes it next to impossible for a third party to
eavesdrop.
3.1.1 Quantum Key Distribution BB84 QKD Protocol
In order to facilitate QKD many protocols exist such as: BB84, B92, Six-State,
SARG04, Ekert91. Among these protocols, BB84 is the most popular and widely used
protocol for key distribution in practical systems.
Bennett and Brassard proposed BB84 protocol in 1984. The protocol consists of two
main channels used for transmission:
1. Quantum channel: One-Way communication.
2. Classical channel: Two-way communication.
BB84 allows two parties conventionally a Sender and a Receiver to establish communi-
cation by a common key sequence using polarized photons.
Key exchange and key sifting are done as follows.
• The Sender encodes the information in random bits of 0 & 1 and uses randomly selected
bases (rectilinear or diagonal) to transmit bits in it as shown in Fig. Bases for each
photon is chosen at random and the sender repeats this in order to send all the photons
to the receiver.
• The receiver at the other end selects the basis (rectilinear or diagonal) at random to
measure the received photons being unaware of the bases used to encode the photons
by the sender.
Figure 3.1: Photon Polarization using Bases.

After receiving all the photons, the receiver now communicates with the sender using
the public channel for key sifting.
Using Classical channel (Key Sifting):
• Receiver informs the Sender what bases he used to measure the photons and Sender
responds by saying if it matched the bases used.
• Both agree on to the correct matching of the bases used and without announcing the
actual value of information. After discarding all the data on the polarizer bases that
did not match, both are left with two key strings of shorter sequences, known as the
raw keys.
Figure 3.2: Quantum Key Distribution Setup.
The bits that match make up the secret raw key which is not complete key and the
communication still continues between the two comprising of the following steps:
1. Error estimation: In order to check if any eavesdropping has occurred, the raw keys are
compared. If intrusion takes place, error would be introduced in one of the raw keys
and the two keys on comparison won’t match. Hence, the errors are to be estimated and
if the error rate exceeds the threshold QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate) for quantum
transmission, the key is aborted and they try sending data again.
2. Error correction (Reconciliation): Performed to get the common key by removing the
errors in the raw key by using a protocol from the many available protocols. The most
widely used protocols are Cascade (based on optimal linear codes, uses and releases less
data, end by performing parity based error correction), Winnow (based on exchange
of parity and helps correcting single errors using hamming hash function).

3. Privacy Amplification: In the end both Sender and Receiver will hold, not completely
private but identical strings of bits the information of which can be partially obtained
on eavesdropping by a third party. The privacy amplification step helps remove this
partially obtained information by the third party and hence make a correct secured
secret key.
This paper applies an improved version of BB84 that is SARG04, which was proposed
in 2004 by Scarani,Acin, Ribordy and Gisin.SARG04 is an improved version of BB84 in
terms of Photon-Number Splitting attacks. It uses laser pulses instead of single-photon
sources used in BB84, which makes it robust protocol.
The first phase of this protocol remains similar to that of earlier mentioned BB84.The
difference occurs in the second phase where the Receiver and the Sender compare their bit
information to check for the matched basis and thus retrieval of secret key. In the second
phase, unlike BB84, the Sender does not give the exact information of the basis used for
encoding but instead provides the choice of two bases among which the Sender uses one of
the bases.So the Receiver has to match with the correct bases used by the Sender to get
measurement of the correct state and if it has used the incorrect bases, it won’t be able to
match any of the states of the Sender and hence wouldn’t be able to access the data.
3.2 Why Quantum Cryptography is needed in 802.11
1. Firstly, WLAN is used to access the Internet via an Access Point this communication
is highly security critical in nature.
2. Since WLANS are used in office type of environments this facilitates the deployment
of quantum key distribution network apparatus.
3. The mobility speed of WLAN is slow enough to solve the Line of Sight Problem of
quantum transmitters and receivers.
Line of Sight problems occurs majorly in cellular mobile host who have a very high
speed of mobility
4. WLAN terminals have enough computational capacity and autonomy to facilitate
quantum key distribution.

3.3 IEEE 802.11 WLANs
The main objective of this paper is to offer secure key distribution in wireless networks
making use of Quantum Cryptography. In order to properly facilitate the functioning of
QKD it is found that IEEE 802.11 family best suits to be integrated with QKD. Fig. Shows
the architecture of IEEE 802.11.[4]
Figure 3.3: IEEE 802.11 Architecture (Single Cell).
Some of the characteristics of 802.11 WLANs that give it the proper environment for
incorporating QKD are as follows:
1. Usage: 802.11 WLANs are mainly used in office and campus infrastructure, which
facilitates the deployment of QKD network with a high density of quantum apparatus
if necessary.
2. Capacity: Terminals present in a 802.11 WLAN have more computational capacity
and more energy as compared to those in cellular networks.
3. Connection: 802.11 WLANs are used to provide access to the Internet through an AP
installed in an organization, which is beneficial for QKD integration.
In order to facilitate efficient authentication and management of keys between access
point and client, along with user traffic control 802.11 networks employs Extensible Authen-
tication Protocol (EAP) [11]. EAP provides an authentication framework, which will be used
in the current work. The security of 802.11 WLANs is based on the WEP protocol, with

enhanced security being provided by the MAC layer. As specified earlier WEP presents se-
curity problems in a wireless network. The MAC layer on the other hand defines two classes
for security: Robust Security Network Association (RSNA) [10] and Transaction Security
Network (TSN).
3.4 Robust Security Network Association
The RSNA defines two types of key hierarchies in order to divide the initial key material
for protection of data frames. These two key hierarchies are:
1. Pair wise key: To protect unicast traffic.
2. Group wise key: To protect multicast traffic.
This paper deals with Pair wise key hierarchy as a means to integrate QKD. Pair wise
key hierarchy is represented in Fig.
Figure 3.4: Pairwise Key Hierarchy.
The PMK is received by the authentication server is the root key through which other
transient keys are derived using pseudo-random function and must be protected. These
transient keys are further divided into three keys.
1. EAPOL-Key Confirmation Key (KCK): Used for data origin authenticity and calcu-
lates Message Integrity Code (MIC).
2. EAPOL-Key Encryption Key (KEK): Used for privacy and to encrypt Group Temporal
Key (GTK).
3. Temporal Key (TK): Used in unicast data transfer for encryption.
In order to support the proper distribution and management of EAPOL-Keys RSNA
defines a protocol called 4-Way Handshake.

3.5 Summary
In this chapter, we brief introduction Overview of Quantum Cryptography and Quan-
tum Key Distribution BB84 QKD Protocol. Also we discuss the Why Quantum Cryptogra-
phy is needed in 802.11. In last section IEEE 802.11 WLANs and Robust Security Network
Association.In the next chapter, setup, Security Issues in Wireless Networks, advantages,
Alternative Approaches and applications are provided.

Chapter 4
Discussion
The discussion Quantum Cryptography setup and application in this section. also alternative
approaches are discussion.
In section 4.1, discussion about Quantum Cryptography Setup is provide in this section.
Described in section 4.2, Security Issues in Wireless Networks is provided.Described in section
4.3, Advantages of Quantum Cryptography in Wireless Networks is provided 4.4,Alternative
Approches 4.5,Applications 4.6
4.1 Quantum Cryptography Setup
1. Most widely used is the BB84 Protocol developed by IBM
2. The sending apparatus consists of a green light-emitting diode, a lens, a pinhole and
mirrors that provide a collimated beam of horizontally polarized light. Next, electronic
devices known as Pockels Cells are used to change the original horizontal polarization
to any of four standard polarization states under the users control.
3. The receiving apparatus contains a similar Pockels cell, which allows the user to choose
the type of polarization he will measure.After the beam passes through hte Pockels
Cell, it is split by a calcite prism into two perpendicularly polarized beams, which are
directed into two photomultiplier tubes for the purpose of detecting individual photons
4.2 Security Issues in Wireless Networks
Wireless networks do not promise quality of service during transmission and chances
of intrusion into such networks are very high since the transmission here takes place through
the medium of air and not cables. So, it doesnt only require protection against uninvited

users from accessing the network but also needs to secure the users private data that is being
transmitted.The general security issues for wireless networks are as follows:
1. Conﬁdentiality: The data being sent across the network is encrypted during transit
so as to ensure that the information is read only by the intended user and hence
authentication of the receiver is required as well who will be given the key for the
decryption of the received data.
2. Integrity: Wireless networks are exposed to attacks that would harm the datas in-
tegrity.The integrity prevention methods applied are similar to the ones used in wired
networks.
3. Availability: Wireless networks are vulnerable to denial of service attacks.Radio jam-
ming can be used to restrict the availability of network. Another attack called,battery
exhaustion attack is also arisen where unauthorized users repeatedly send messages or
data to connected devices and hence runs down the devices battery.
4. Eavesdropping and Authentication: Wireless networks are broadcast as mentioned
earlier hence there are more number of access points and these access points can be
used to enter the network. Preventing this eavesdropping is necessary.
5. Blue Snarﬁng or Blue jacking: These are the attacks made using Bluetooth in order to
tamper data or data theft.
6. War Driver: Another type of security attack where a wireless device (like laptops)
somehow tries to connect to unprotected network and could record the private data of
the user connected to the same network.
4.3 Advantages of Quantum Cryptography in Wireless
Networks
Quantum cryptography is still a long way from being used in information transfer,
since the real world implementation is far from the theoretical technique. But still there is
no debate that quantum cryptography is a true breakthrough in network security. Some of
the advantages of applying quantum cryptography in wireless networks are as follows:
• Quantum Cryptography approach doesnt depend on mathematics models but instead is
based on physics principles for decoding an encoded data making it virtually non-hack
able and requires few resources for its maintenance.

• QKD is found useful for different categories of wireless networks as a means for con-
necting devices to different access points in close proximity. Hence making it more
efficient for communication with fewer cables.
• Intrusion-eavesdropping can be detected or prevented from the vision of users only
since the range under the coverage of wireless networks isnt too large in case of WPAN
networks while for WLANs, the 802.11 wireless networks expand to the larger areas
taking much benefit of the Quantum Cryptography.
Wi-Fi network usage is developing day by day also including the usage of hot-spot
services very often. Since varied services (fields of national defense, aircraft communication
etc.) are performed using Wi-Fi and hotspot its security is very important for all level of
users and QKD has the ability of providing this security at the highest levels.
4.4 Alternative Approches
Besides standard and conventional methods of security services to users some of the
other effective ways to secure WLANs are as follows:
1. Discovery and Mitigation of Rogue WLANs: Unauthorized WLANs, which include
APs and BS that are vulnerable, should be identified and must be controlled using an
administrator in order to provide better security.
2. Encryption and Authentication: As specified throughout this paper encryption and
authentication in WLAN are essential elements for WLAN security.
3. Disabling Remote Logins: This technique allows for safer secure means of communica-
tion without the concern of eavesdropping.
4. Network Firewall and Intrusion Detection: Traffic in WLANs should be safeguarded
by means network firewall, network antivirus scanner or intrusion detection systems.
All these ways combined correctly provide a holistic approach to network security for wireless
users.
4.5 Applications
• Ultra-Secure Voting: With political upheaval and accusations of voter fraud rampant
in developed and developing countries alike, its clear that making the voting process

more secure is a necessity. Since 2007, Switzerland has been using quantum cryptog-
raphy to conduct secure online voting in federal and regional elections. In Geneva,
votes are encrypted at a central vote-counting station. Then the results are transmit-
ted over a dedicated optical fiber line to a remote data storage facility. The voting
results are secured via quantum cryptography, and the most vulnerable part of the
data transaction (when the vote moves from counting station to central repository) is
uninterruptible. This technology will soon spread worldwide, as many other countries
face the specter of fraudulent elections.
• Secure Communications with Space: Secure communications with satellites and astro-
nauts is an increasing concern, and a company called Quintessence Labs is working on
a project for NASA that will ensure secure communications from Earth with satellites
and astronauts. The goal of the project is to achieve a protocol which guarantees the
security of communications regardless of the technology or intelligence to which an
adversary has access. It also includes a mandate to secure both information at rest
and in transit. This would ultimately increase the safety of astronauts in space and
ideally preclude the needs upgrade in the future beyond minor speed increases.
• Smarter Power Grid: It has been speculated that the American power grid is one of
the most vulnerable targets for a cyber attack. In fact, some major U.S. utilities are
under constant attack by cyber enemies. A small encryption device called the QKarD
could put an end to that fear. Using the QKarD, workers would be able to send totally
secure signals using public data networks to control smart electricity grids. Smart grids
are essential for balancing supply and demand for efficiency. Additionally, with proper
precautions in place, they are significantly more secure than traditional grids. With
the QKarD or a similar quantum encryption device, we would be able to defend and
guarantee the safety of our infrastructure against attacks.
• Quantum Internet: Today’s internet is relatively fast, but its security is paltry com-
pared to quantum-encrypted transmissions. So why don’t we transmit everything using
QKDs ? Well, for one, quantum encryption would greatly slow down the internet. In
the future, however, its possible that we could switch seamlessly between regular and
quantum encrypted internet, so that our most sensitive transmissions would be passed
along in an ultra-secure manner. This would achieve the ideal of a simultaneously fast
and secure internet.
With the rise of Facebook, Twitter and other social networks, the previous decade
has been one of rampant and unchecked sharing. However, the coming years are likely

to see a much greater focus on issues of security, privacy and individual protection.
When the new iPhone comes out, for example, owners will be able to access them
using fingerprints, adding a whole new layer of security: biological identification. As
devices become more wearable and screens increasingly disappear, biometrics are likely
to become a huge part of how we secure them.
When it comes to transmitting sensitive information between two or more points,
however, we need something stronger. Its likely that QKDs and other quantum en-
cryption methods will fill in the gap and allow us to secure sensitive information more
effectively in the future. Quantum encryption is a powerful and positive step in the
right direction, toward a future in which we can feel more secure about how and what
we share.
4.6 Summary
In this chapter, Quantum Cryptography Setup and Security Issues in Wireless Net-
works. The advantage,Alternative Approches and what is the application of Quantum Cryp-
tography are provided. In the next chapter we will conclude the our solution for Quantum
Cryptography and It’s Integration With 802.11 WLAN.

Chapter 5
Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion
The main goal of this research work is to show a method to improve the security aspect
of WLANs. It has been shown that the integration of Quantum Cryptography in Wireless
Networks has great prospective in terms of better network security.
Key management and distribution is diﬃcult using classical cryptographic algorithms
but the proposed approach provides a better solution for this problem. Research has shown
that use of QKD to distribute network key raises the security and makes it harder for an
eavesdropper to interrupt communication. With the proposed modiﬁcation, this paper has
achieved the main objective of improving security of WLANs.

Bibliography
[1] W. Stalling, “”cryptography and network security (principles and practices),” Interna-
tional Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com), vol. 3, no. 1,
January 2012.
[2] H. K. Kalita and A. Kar, “Wireless sensor network security analysis,” International
Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN), vol. 4, no. 6, June 2009.
[3] U. K. D. R.Lalu Naik, Dr.P.Chenna Reddy, “Provely secure quantum key distribution
protocol in 802.11wireless networks,” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol. 3, no. 7, July 2013.
[4] J. Watson, “”data security hits home,” IJAITI, vol. 1, no. 2, Mar/Apr 2012.

Index
Asymmetric, 5
cryptography, 2
Decryption, 4
Encryption, 4
Polarization, 6
Quantum, 6
security, 9
Susceptibility, 9
Symmetric, 4

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