Sensors and actuators presentation: Classification, Types, Actuators

Outline (Day two)
– Introduction
– Classification of Sensors
– Types of Sensors
– Actuators
– Conclusion
1

• Transducer
– a device that converts a primary form of energy
into a corresponding signal with a different energy
form
• Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal,
electromagnetic, optical, chemical, etc.
– take form of a sensor or an actuator
real
world
sensor
actuator
intelligent
feedback
system
Introduction

• Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
– a device that detects/measures a signal or
stimulus
– acquires information from the “real world”
• Actuator (e.g., heater)
– a device that generates a signal or stimulus
real
world
sensor
actuator
intelligent
feedback
system
Introduction

It is a device that converts signals from one
energy domain to electrical domain.
4
Introduction

• There are numerous definitions as to what a
sensor is but I would like to define a Sensor as an
input device which provides an output (signal) with
respect to a specific physical quantity (input).
• The term “input device” in the definition of a
Sensor means that it is part of a bigger system
which provides input to a main control system (like
a Processor or a Microcontroller).
5
Introduction

Classification of Sensors
In the first classification of the sensors, they
are divided in to Active and Passive.
• Active Sensors are those which require an
external excitation signal or a power signal.
●●●
8

In the first classification of the sensors, they
are divided in to Active and Passive.
• Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not
require any external power signal and
directly generates output response.
●●●
9

The next classification is based on conversion
phenomenon
• i.e., the input and the output. Some of the
common conversion phenomena are
Photoelectric, Thermoelectric,
Electrochemical, Electromagnetic,
Thermooptic, etc.
●●●
10

• Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e.,
a continuous output signal (usually voltage but
sometimes other quantities like Resistance
etc.) with respect to the quantity being
measured.
• Digital Sensors, in contrast to Analog Sensors,
work with discrete or digital data. The data in
digital sensors, which is used for conversion
and transmission, is digital in nature.
11

Types of Sensors
Temperature Sensor
• One of the most common and
most popular sensors is the
Temperature Sensor. A
Temperature Sensor, as the name
suggests, senses the temperature
i.e., it measures the changes in
the temperature.
●●●
12

Proximity Sensors
• A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type
sensor that detects the presence of an object.
Proximity Sensors can be implemented using
different techniques like Optical (like Infrared
or Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic (Hall
Effect), Capacitive, etc.
●●●
13
Types of Sensors

Proximity Sensors
●●●
14
Types of Sensors

Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light
based sensor that are used in various
applications like Proximity and Object
Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity
sensors in almost all mobile phones.
●●●
15
Types of Sensors

Light Sensor
• Sometimes also known as Photo Sensors, Light
Sensors are one of the important sensors. A
simple Light Sensor available today is the Light
Dependent Resistor or LDR.
• The property of LDR is that its resistance is
inversely proportional to the intensity of the
ambient light i.e., when the intensity of light
increases, its resistance decreases and vise-versa.
●●●
16
Types of Sensors

Smoke and Gas Sensors
• One of the very useful sensors in safety
related applications are Smoke and Gas
Sensors.
• Almost all offices and industries are
equipped with several smoke detectors,
which detect any smoke (due to fire) and
sound an alarm.
●●●
17
Types of Sensors

Touch Sensor
• We do not give much importance to touch
sensors but they became an integral part of
our life.
• Whether you know or not, all touch screen
devices (Mobile Phones, Tablets, Laptops,
etc.) have touch sensors in them
●●●
18
Types of Sensors

Color Sensor
• A Color Sensor is an useful device in building color
sensing applications in the field of image
processing, color identification, industrial object
tracking etc.
• The TCS3200 is a simple Color Sensor, which can
detect any color and output a square wave
proportional to the wavelength of the detected
color.
●●●
19
Types of Sensors

Humidity Sensor
• If you see Weather Monitoring
Systems, they often provide
temperature as well as humidity data.
• So, measuring humidity is an
important task in many applications
and Humidity Sensors help us in
achieving this.
●●●
20
Types of Sensors

Tilt Sensor
• Often used to detect inclination or orientation,
Tilt Sensors are one of the simplest and
inexpensive sensors out there.
• Previously, tilt sensors are made up of Mercury
(and hence they are sometimes called as
Mercury Switches) but most modern tilt
sensors contain a roller ball.
21
Types of Sensors

Actuators
Types of Actuators
An actuator actuates or moves something. v
An actuator uses some type of energy to
provide motion or to apply a force.
Manual / mechanical
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
Thermal / Electric

Conclusion
 Sensors are central to industrial applications
being used for process control, monitoring, and
safety.
 Sensors are also central to medicine being used
for diagnostics, monitoring, critical care, and
public health.
25

Conclusion
 Actuators, on the other hand, are vital in
converting control signals into physical actions.
 Together, sensors and actuators form the
backbone of modern automation and intelligent
systems, driving advancements in technology and
healthcare.
26

Sensors and actuators presentation: Classification, Types, Actuators

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