separatory techniques.pptx to separate mc
- 1. MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE NAME : NAVEEN CLASS: M.SC 1st Sem. ( PREVIOUS YR.) ROLL NO. : 2307 Submitted to : ARUN SIR
- 2. Separatory Techniques: The process of separating a mixture of substances into its individual components is called Separatory Techniques. This process is commonly used in laboratories, especially in chemistry and biochemistry. Separatory techniques are based on the differences in the physical and chemical properties of the individual components of a mixture and are used to isolate and purify the desired components.
- 3. Forensic Perspective Separatory techniques are essential in forensic science for the isolation and analysis of various substances and components found at crime scenes or in forensic samples. These techniques help forensic scientists separate and identify different compounds, allowing them to gather crucial evidence for investigations. Here are some common separatory techniques used in forensic science.
- 4. 1 Different Types of Separatory Techniques Chromatography Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the different components in a mixture. It works by passing the mixture through a medium that selectively adsorbs or absorbs the different components, allowing them to be separated and identified.
- 5. Gas Chromatography Used for separating volatile components based on their boiling points and affinity for the stationary phase. Commonly used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Principle GC runs on the principle of partitioning of volatile samples with gaseous mobile phase and liquid stationary phase. Method In gas chromatography, a sample is vaporized and injected into a column packed with a stationary phase material. A carrier gas, such as helium or nitrogen, flows through the column and carries the sample components through. The stationary phase selectively interacts with the sample components, causing them to separate as they flow through the column. The separated components can be analyzed and identified.
- 7. Liquid Chromatography Used for separating non-volatile components based on their affinity for the stationary phase. Commonly used in the chemical , fibres, toxicology and pharmaceutical industries. Principle based on the interactions of the sample with the mobile and stationary phase. Method In liquid chromatography, a liquid mobile phase carries a sample mixture through a column packed with a stationary phase material. The stationary phase selectively interacts with the sample components, causing them to separate as they flow through the column. The separated components can be analyzed and identified.
- 8. LAYOUT OF LIDQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENT
- 9. Thin Layer Chromatography Used for separating small amounts of components based on their affinity for the stationary phase. Commonly used in the forensic and pharmaceutical industries. METHOD In thin layer chromatography, a small amount of the sample mixture is spotted onto a coated plate, which is then placed in a developing chamber containing a small amount of solvent. The solvent moves up the plate and interacts with the sample components, causing them to separate based on their affinity for the stationary phase coating the plate. The separated components can be analyzed and identified.
- 11. 2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction 1 Principle Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction, involves moving a solute from one solvent into another. This process is based on the principle of differential solubility. 2 Types This technique includes three common types: partition, ion exchange, and complexation. 3 Applications Widely used in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical, and food industries for isolating compounds from complex matrices. 4 Process In liquid-liquid extraction, a sample is dissolved in a solvent, and the resulting solution is mixed with another solvent that is immiscible with the first. The two solvents form separate layers, and the solute migrates from one layer to the other based on its solubility in each solvent. The two layers are then separated, and the solute is isolated in the layer of interest.
- 12. Centrifugation It separates particles based on their density or size. it's often used to separates blood components and other material in forensic biology. Hyphenated Techniques Combining two or more analytic techniques such as GC-MS(gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy) or LC-MS, can provide powerful tools for separation in forensic analysis.
- 13. Capillary Electrophoresis CE separates molecules based on their charge and size as they migrate through a capillary tube under the influence of an electric field. It is used for DNA analysis, drug testing, dyes, and explosives. Method In capillary electrophoresis, a sample is introduced into a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffer solution. An electric field is applied across the tube, causing the sample components to separate based on their charge and size as they migrate through the tube. The separated components can be detected and identified.
- 14. Microextraction Techniques These include techniques like solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), which are used for the extraction and preconcentration of trace compounds from small volumes of samples.
- 15. Key Principles of Separation Different Density Separating components that have different densities like oil and water. Different Properties Separating components based on their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Formation of Precipitate Separating soluble and insoluble substances using precipitation reactions.
- 16. Applications of Separatory Techniques Pharmaceutical Industry Used for drug discovery and development, purification, and quality control. Food Industry Used for separating dairy products, oils, and fats. Environmental Analysis Used for measuring the amount of pollution in air, water, and soil. Forensic Analysis Used for analyzing blood, saliva, urine, and other samples.
- 17. Safety Precautions During Separation 1 Wear Protective Clothing Use gloves, lab coat, eye protection, and respiratory equipment to avoid exposure to hazardous chemicals. 2 Ventilation Use a fume hood or other ventilation systems to avoid inhaling toxic chemicals. 3 Handling Chemicals Read labels, MSDS sheets, and follow proper handling protocols to avoid accidents.
- 18. Conclusion and Final Thoughts Teamwork Successful separation requires teamwork, communication, and well- designed experiments. Dedication and Patience Separation is not always straightforward, and requires patience along with dedication to seeking solutions. Exciting Possibilities Advancements in separatory techniques can lead to new discoveries and innovations in various fields.