Session 2 slides.pptx
- 1. Session 2 Cardiovascular system & Haemoglobin
- 2. Learning objectives Understand the circulatory system and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Understand coronary circulation and that the heart has its own blood supply Understand what systemic arterial pressure (blood pressure) is Understand the cardiovascular disease and its diagnostic tests Understand why haemoglobin is an oxygen- transporter in the body Apply the knowledge learned in the Kahoot
- 3. pulmonary vein, renal artery, mesenteric artery, hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, renal vein, pulmonary artery Organs Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Kidney enter via leave via Gut enter via leave via Liver enter via leaves via Lungs leave via enter via Filling in the gaps:
- 4. Organs Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Kidney enter via renal artery leave via renal vein Gut enter via mesenteric artery leave via hepatic portal vein Liver enter via hepatic artery leaves via hepatic vein Lungs leave via pulmonary vein enter via pulmonary artery
- 5. • All arteries carry blood away ….......................... • All veins carry blood …............................. • Arteries carry ..................... blood except from the..................... • Veins carry ................... blood except from the …..................... • The main function of the circulatory system is to deliver …........ and ….................. via blood to the rest of the body. Refresh your memory! What is the circulatory system? Systemic circulation is made up of the heart and blood vessels. To the heart/pulmonary artery/nutrients/oxygen/from the heart/oxygenated/deoxygenated/pulmonary vein from the heart towards the heart oxygenated Pulmonary arteries deoxygenated Pulmonary veins nutrients blood
- 6. Blood vessels Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles Continuous capillary Fenestrated capillaries Venules Veins
- 7. Arteries and arterioles Elastic arteries (aorta) - large diameter, low resistance. A large amount of elastic in smooth muscle and fold endothelium together allow the artery to stretch and recoil to maintain high pressure. Muscular arteries – deliver blood to specific organs, less elastin and more smooth muscle, therefore less distensible, more active on vasoconstriction. Arterioles – deliver to capillary beds by responding to stimuli from the brain and local chemicals, mostly smooth muscle that contract to restrict blood flow or relax to allow full blood flow.
- 8. Continuous capillaries • The most common type of capillaries • Delivers blood to the organ • Endothelial cells have tight junctions between them • Contain intercellular clefts: allow the limited passage of fluid and small solutes • Play a role in active absorption or filtrate formation (small intestine, kidney) • Endothelial cells of the vessel have oval pores or fenestrations • Most permeable to fluids and small solutes Fenestrated capillaries
- 9. • Blood flows through the capillary beds which is called …................... • Capillaries form..........................that are interweaving networks. • Precapillary sphincters..............or..............to control blood flow capillary beds contract relax microcirculation Capillary beds/ relax/contract/microcirculation
- 10. Venules • Formed when capillaries unite to get the deoxygenated blood out of the organ • Consists of only endothelium • Larger venules have a parse smooth muscle and connective tissue • Carry large blood volumes back to the heart, valves inside veins stop blood flowing backwards • Blood flows at low pressure • Consist of 3 layers: endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue • Inner walls are always thinner than arteries • Lumens are always larger than arteries • Not a lot of elastic or muscle Veins
- 11. What is the coronary circulation? • The coronary circulation supplies the heart with blood. • The heart has it’s own blood supply with the left and right coronary artery. • The right and left coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. • Most of the venous blood drains via the coronary sinus directly into the right atrium.
- 12. Systemic blood pressure What is pressure? 'Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body.' (NHS) Measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is given as 2 figures: • Systolic pressure = the pressure when your heart pushes blood out • Diastolic pressure = the pressure when your heart rests between beats. • Ideal blood pressure: between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg • High blood pressure: 140/90mmHg or higher • Low blood pressure: 90/60mmHg or lower
- 13. How is blood pressure measured? Systemic arterial blood pressure is measured using a Sphygmomanometry.
- 14. Cardiovascular disease Pathological conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. Changes/adaptations in your cardiovascular system when exercising, during pregnancy and in extreme environmental conditions but these could not come under cardiovascular disease Leading cause of death globally, estimate at 32% of all death Globally 1 in 14 people are living with a heart or circulatory disease 85% of are due to heart attacks and strokes Risk factors for CV disease: • Unhealthy diet (high blood cholesterol) • High blood pressure • Cigarette smoking • Genetic predisposition • Physical inactivity
- 15. Common tests for CV disease A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anaemia, infection and leukemia. Cardia Tn - troponin test measures the level of troponin in your blood. Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Blood test - measure the level of other substances in your blood, such as blood fats (e.g. cholesterol and triglycerides), vitamins and minerals. Echocardiogram (ultrasound) - echocardiogram is a common test. It gives a picture of your heart using ultrasound, a type of X-ray. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - ECG reads your heart’s electrical impulses. It shows how well your heart is beating.
- 16. Haemoglobin Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in blood vessels around the body Structure of haemoglobin • Each chain has a haem group which contains an iron ion and gives haemoglobin it’s red colour
- 17. Haemoglobin – High affinity for oxygen Each molecule of haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules • At high oxygen concentration in the lungs: oxygen binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and forms oxyhaemoglobin. • At low oxygen concentration in the organs: oxyhaemoglobin turns into haemoglobin.
- 18. Summary • The circulatory system is important as it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body through the blood • Oxygenated blood is transported from the heart to organs via the arteries and arterioles • Deoxygenated blood is transported from the organs via the veins and venules back to the heart • The heart has its own blood supply via the coronary circulation • Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body and it is measured using a sphygmomanometry • Examples of diagnostic tests for CV include blood count, blood tests and ECG. • Haemoglobin is a protein that can carry up to 4 molecules of oxygen in blood vessels around the body
- 19. To finish off! Join this Kahoot and complete the questions! Link:https://create.kahoot.it/details/5f0b9269-db9f-42a5- bcc1-e5b35319e171
Editor's Notes
- #16: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/troponin-test/ https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Common-medical-tests-to-diagnose-heart-conditions https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/complete-blood-count/about/pac-20384919 Echocardiogram (ultrasound) - echocardiogram is a common test. It gives a picture of your heart using ultrasound, a type of X-ray. It uses a probe either on your chest or down your oesophagus (throat). Electrocardiogram (ECG) - ECG reads your heart’s electrical impulses. It shows how well your heart is beating. A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood, including: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen White blood cells, which fight infection Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Hematocrit, the proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or plasma, in your blood Platelets, which help with blood clotting Cardia Tn - troponin test measures the level of troponin in your blood. Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Troponin isn't normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of troponin are released in the blood. Blood test - When your muscle has been damaged, as in a heart attack, your body releases substances in your blood. Blood tests can measure the substances and show if, and how much of, your heart muscle has been damaged. Blood tests are also done to measure the level of other substances in your blood, such as blood fats (e.g. cholesterol and triglycerides), vitamins and minerals.