Session 38 Xiaoliang Ma
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This document summarizes research on integrating traffic and emission models to simulate the impacts of traffic on emissions. It describes: 1) Developing an approach to combine traffic simulation and emission models in a distributed way. 2) Proposing a method to calibrate microscopic emission models using aggregate emission measures. 3) Applying the integrated models to evaluate how different traffic demands and signal controls impact emissions.
Session 38 Xiaoliang Ma
- 1. Toward Integrated Traffic and Emission Impact Simulation: A Microscopic ApproachXiaoliang Ma, Ph.D. Centre for Traffic Research, KTH, SwedenZhen Huang, PhD candidate, Centre for Traffic Research, KTH, Sweden
- 2. IntroductionThe skyrocketing of motor vehicle numbers leads to serious challenge to urban environment;Different concerns of traffic emissions:Highly dependent on fossil fuelsGreen house gases (GHG) e.g. CO2Local air quality: CO, HC, NOx, PMetc.
- 3. Policy and MeasureLong term: revolution on vehicle engine and alternative fuel technologies;Middle to short terms: Management at the network level e.g. congestion chargingLocal traffic measures: signal, speed limit, traffic calming… New Intelligent Transportation Systems
- 4. Traffic emission impact modeling
- 5. Traffic and emission modelsTraffic models:Macroscopic(Mesoscopic)MicroscopicEmission models
- 6. Aggregate emission models: MOBILE, COPERT IV, “ARTEMIS”Microscopic emission models:CMEM, VT-Micro, EMIT, POLY…Aggregate emission of a fleet, g/km(Main: Static, long-term, regional network)(Some: dynamic, shorter term)Vehicle dynamic emission, g/sec(Dynamic, instantaneous, local network)
- 7. Research questions (1)Assessing traffic emissions (microscopic).Lack of emission calculation software tool: well integrated with traffic models and can estimate emission at different resolutions ;Difficulties to analyze and visualize traffic emissions and air quality impacts in time and space Traffic Simulation OutputEmission OutputTraffic Simulation ModelEmission Model
- 8. Research questions (2)Microscopic emission models becomes more and more important for traffic operation and managementMicroscopic emission calibration requires lots of data: complex and expensive to measure Research question:How to calibrate microscopic emission models when the emission measurements are not fully available?
- 9. Research objectivesDevelop a systematic approach to integrate traffic simulation models and emission models.Develop a “calibration” method for microscopic emission models based on existing aggregate measuresEvaluation and optimizing traffic measures with respect to traffic emissions.
- 10. MODENA Computational User Case
- 11. Distributed implementation (Service)Better PerformanceBoth traffic simulation and emission calculation are computational expensive processesDecentralize these into different CPU processes or threads Systematic DesignConcurrencyReliabilityIndependencyPlenty of implementationCORBAWeb Service (XML)Protocol buffers
- 12. Model Calibration MethodBasic idea: calibrate microscopic emission model based on the aggregate emission measure at a rougher resolution on both time and space.
- 13. Optimization objectivesAggregate emission Microscopic emission Penalty weightTime intervalSub networkReference parameterTime stamp (sec)
- 14. Numerical ImplementationMicroscopic Emission Model VT-Micro is calibrated using aggregate estimation of ARTEMIS as reference.Newton-reflective, Finite Difference Method (FDM), Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) are adopted as optimization algorithms.MAPE and MSE were used to validate model performance.
- 15. Model validation validation results for petrol cars
- 16. Applications(1)-traffic demand A road network in Stockholm: Fleminggatan
- 17. Major traffic flow runs W-E
- 18. Various travel demands were evaluated by the calibrated microscopic emission model to assess the environmental impactsunder different congestionconditions.
- 19. Applications(1)-traffic demand Three levels of traffic demands are applied:
- 20. Low – 75% of normal traffic demand;
- 21. Medium – normal traffic demand;
- 22. High – 125% of normal traffic demand.
- 24. Emission are computed in 10 min time intervalApplications(2)-signal control An isolated signalized intersection
- 25. Major traffic flow runs W-E
- 26. Fixed stage signal controller is applied Two signal plans are evaluated with calibrated emission model to assess environmental impactsApplications(2)-signal control
- 27. ConclusionAn emission estimation software platform is developed by integrating traffic simulation model and emission model in a distributed way;
- 28. A numerical approach is proposed for calibration of microscopic emission models based on aggregate emission measures;
- 29. Case studies (evaluation and optimization of local traffic measures) Future WorkThe system will be developed as a web serviceThe calibration approach can be applied to other microscopic emission models or by using various aggregate measuresApplication for improving various traffic measures and ITS systems: dynamic speed limits, vehicle based ITS systems etc. Supporting mesoscopic emission model development in the new MEMFIS project
- 30. ParametersThe CMEM model is comprised of six modules:1) engine power demand; 2) engine speed; 3) fuel/air ratio; 4) engine states; 5) catalyst pass fraction.Calibration parametersFuel rate(FR)ε1, K0,PscaleEngine-out emission (EO)αHC,αCO,αNO1bHC,bCO,bNOTailpipe emission (TP)
- 31. Data collectionsecond-by-second tailpipe emission measurements were collected using OBS-2200, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS);28 recruited in-use light-duty vehicles were divided into two CMEM categories:
- 32. Parameter tuning procedureA two-stage tuning approach for calibrating the CMEM model was proposed: Stage I Three fuel-related parameters --- ε1, K0, and Pscale are calibrated sequentially by grid search and nonlinear simplex algorithm; Stage IIThree sets of emission-related model parameters --- αHC, bHC, αCO, bCO, αNO1 and bNO are calibrated while the values of ε1, K0, and Pscale are fixed.
- 35. VT-Micro modelTo compare the performance with the CMEM model, the VT-Micro model, a regression model, is also calibrated using the same datasets. Where: MOEe (g/s) is the tailpipe emission rate;i and j are powers for v and a, respectively; Lei,j and Mei,j are the regression model coefficients; v (km/h) and a (km/h/s) are vehicle speed and acceleration.
- 36. Model validationThe Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to validate model performance. where: ykis measurement (g/s);is model prediction (g/s); N is the size of composite data samples.
- 37. Model validation
- 38. Model validation
- 39. Model validationSecond-by-second validation figure for LDV4 vehicles
- 40. Case study in Traffic Emission AnalysisVISSIMCMEMVISSIM OutputCMEM Output
- 41. Case study: Intersection An isolated signalized intersection
- 42. Major traffic flow runs W-E whereas minor goes N-S A fixed stage signal controller is applied Various travel demands were evaluated in the VISSIM model to assess the environmental impacts under different congestion conditions.
- 45. Evaluation of signal controlN=10;for C = Cmin : 5 : Cmax for L1= αmin·C : 1 : αmax·Cfor L2= βmin· L : 1 : βmax·L L3=C- L2- L1 Set_Vissim_SignalInput; Run_Vissim(N); Produce_Statistics; end endend Naïve grid searchMinimize number of stopsMinimize total delays
- 46. ConclusionA parameter tuning approach has been developed for the CMEM model implemented as a 3-party software;The calibrated CMEM model shows improved performance than that with default parameters according to the calibration and validation results; It is shown that by combining traffic and emission models we are able of estimating dynamic emissions and moreover optimize traffic control measures with environmental concerns.
- 47. Future workThe parameter tuning process will be extended to other categories, especially light-duty trucks (LDT), heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), and other high emitting vehicles.Emission measurements under cold start conditions should be collected for estimating cold-start parameters in CMEM. Application of the model on improvements of traffic planning and management with respect to reduction of traffic pollution in Chinese cities.
Editor's Notes
- #3: Transportation consumes 1/3 energy supplyTrasnportation is one essential factor for climate change and local air quality issues
- #5: Microscalevehicle emission models (e.g. CMEM, VT-Micro) have been developed for estimatingvehicle exhaust emissions in the local network in a high resolution;Microscopic traffic simulation model (e.g. VISSIM) can capture traffic characteristics with a high fidelity;Combination of vehicle emission models and microscopic traffic simulation models has been adopted for assessing traffic environment;
- #7: problem
- #8: No relation between these two research questions
- #10: Characteristics:Parallel and distributed system Standardized data format for communication Online emission estimation in different resolutions Easy extension
- #13: A series of experiments are conducted in Sweden to show the on-road emission versus emission estimations of three major road transport emission models in Europe, i.e. COPERT 4 model, the Handbook of Emission Factors (HBEFA 2.1) [25] and ARTEMIS. The measurements are carried out by means of remote sensing [26], and the comparison is made on three different sites for gasoline passenger cars. It was observed that there is normally a good agreement between ARTEMIS modeled and measured emission, although there are occasionally also major discrepancies
- #21: ε1 is the maximum drivetrain efficiency;K0 determines engine friction factor during engine idling;Pscaleis a power threshold dimensionless scaling factor; αHC, αCO and αNO1 are EO index coefficients for HC, CO and NOx respectively; bHC, bCO, and bNO are catalyst efficiency coefficients.
- #22: Data from ten LDV4 vehicles and eight LDV6 vehicles are randomly chosen to build up composite calibration datasets for the corresponding vehicle classes
- #23: In stage I, the fuel-rate module is calibrated upon fuel consumption measurement by tuning three critical parameters: ε1, K0, and Pscale to minimize MSE between modeled fuel rate and measurement; In stage II, the engine-out emission module and the catalyst pass fraction module are calibrated by simultaneous tuning of three sets of model parameters, αHC and bHC, αCO and bCO, αNO1 and bNO respectively for HC, CO, and NOx emissions to minimize MSE between emission model outputs and measurements Both numerical grid search and nonlinear simplex algorithm are used in both stage of the calibration procedure; The calibration procedure has been implemented in the MATLAB environment;
- #24: The model with modified fuel-related parameters can significantly reduce the prediction errors
- #29: Although the MAPE values are not satisfactory, the prediction performance of the tuned CMEM model is significantly improved because it always shows obviously smaller MAPE and RMSE values. The predictions performance of the VT-Micro model fall between the default CMEM model and the tuned CMEM model because it produces medium MAPE and RMSE values in most cases.
- #30: The CMEM model with default coefficients cannot really capture the trends of real-world emissions; The fine-tuned CMEM model show improved performance in capturing trends of real-world emissions, but it tends to overestimates emissions during low emission profiles In most cases, the VT-Micro model shows similar instantaneous estimation performance with the default CMEM model.
- #32: The VISSIM model is calibrated for basic driving behavior parameters, including the desired speed distribution and desired acceleration distribution using traffic measurement. Vehicle composition is composed of LDV4 vehicle (50%), LDV6 vehicle (40%), truck (8%), and bus (2%). The traffic simulation model has been run with replications until the statistical measures in terms of traffic flow rates are stabilized. The number of simulation replications is determined according to the sequential procedure.